He aha nā ʻano o ka nānā ʻana i ke kaiapuni wai?

He aha nā ʻano o ka nānā ʻana i ke kaiapuni wai?
ʻO ke ala ʻike kino: hoʻohana nui ʻia e ʻike i nā waiwai kino o ka wai, e like me ka mahana, turbidity, suspended solids, conductivity, etc.
ʻO ke ala ʻike kemika: hoʻohana nui ʻia e ʻike i nā mea haumia kemika i loko o ka wai, e like me ka waiwai PH, oxygen dissolved, koi oxygen kemika, koi oxygen biochemical, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, metala kaumaha, etc. atomic absorption spectrometry, ion chromatography a pela aku.
ʻO ke ala ʻike olaola: hoʻohana nui ʻia e ʻike i nā mea haumia ola i loko o ka wai, e like me nā microorganisms pathogenic, algae, etc.
ʻO ke ala ʻike ʻona: hoʻohana nui ʻia e loiloi i nā hopena ʻona o ka pollutants i loko o ka lepo ma luna o nā mea ola, e like me ka ʻawaʻawa nui, ka ʻawaʻawa mau, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ke ʻano loiloi piha: ma o ka loiloi piha ʻana i nā ʻano hōʻailona like ʻole i loko o ka wai, e loiloi i ka maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni holoʻokoʻa o ka wai. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ʻano loiloi piha ʻana i ke ʻano pollution index method, fuzzy comprehensive analysis method, principal component analysis method a pēlā aku.
Nui nā ʻano no ka ʻike ʻana i ka wai ʻino, akā hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumu i nā hopena o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka wai a me ka ʻenehana mālama wai. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka wai ʻōpala ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he mea, eia nā ʻano ʻelua o ka ʻike wai ʻino no ke ana ʻana i ka ʻike o ka mea ola i loko o ka wai ʻōpala. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻalahi o ka mea ola i loko o ka wai, a laila e hoʻomaopopo mālie a hoʻonui i nā pūhui organik me nā mea paʻakikī i ka wai.
Hoao kaiapuni
(1) ʻO ka ʻike BOD, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻike koi ʻana o ka oxygen biochemical. ʻO ke koi o ka oxygen biochemical ka pahuhopu e ana i ka ʻike o nā mea haumia aerobic e like me ka mea organik i ka wai. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pahu hopu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai, a ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka haumia. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea haumia organik i ke kō, ka meaʻai, ka pepa, ka fiber a me nā wai ʻino ʻē aʻe e ka hana biochemical o ka bacteria aerobic, no ka mea, ua pau ka oxygen i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia nā mea haumia aerobic, inā nā mea haumia ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu nui ʻana i loko o ka ʻAʻole lawa ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai ke kino wai. I ka manawa like, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka mea organik e nā bacteria anaerobic i loko o ka wai, e hoʻopōʻino ai, a hana i nā kinoea pilau e like me ka methane, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, a me ka amonia, kahi e hōʻino ai ke kino wai a pilau.
(2)ʻIke COD, 'o ia ho'i, ka 'ike koi 'o kemika, ho'ohana i nā mea ho'ohāhā kemika no ka 'ike 'ana i nā mea oxidizable i loko o ka wai ma o ka ho'ohāhā 'ana kemika, a laila helu 'ia ka ho'ohana 'ana o ka oxygen ma o ka nui o nā mea ho'okahe i koe. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke koi oxygen kemika (COD) ma ke ʻano he ana o ka wai ʻO ka index of organic matter content, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai, ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka haumia wai. ʻOkoʻa ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka koi oxygen kemika me ka hoʻoholo a me nā ʻano hoʻoholo o ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā mea i loko o nā ʻano wai. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo ka acidic potassium permanganate oxidation method a me ka Potassium dichromate oxidation method.
Hoʻopiha nā mea ʻelua i kekahi i kekahi, akā ʻokoʻa. Hiki i ka ʻike COD ke hoʻomaopopo pono i ka ʻike o ka mea olaola i loko o ka wai ʻino, a liʻiliʻi ka manawa e ana i ka manawa. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ia, paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i ka mea organik i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā microorganism. Mai ka manaʻo o ka maʻemaʻe, hiki iā ia ke wehewehe pololei i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pollution. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i ka wai ʻōpala kekahi mau mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa inorganic, pono hoʻi e hoʻopau i ka oxygen i ka wā o ke kaʻina oxidation, no laila he mau hewa ka COD.
Aia ka pilina ma waena o nā mea ʻelua, ka waiwai oBOD5ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o COD, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea ʻelua e like me ka nui o nā mea kūlohelohe refractory, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka refractory mea olaola, i kēia hihia, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana i ka biological No laila, hiki i ka ratio o BOD5/COD ke hoʻohana ʻia e noʻonoʻo inā kūpono ka wai ʻōpala no ka mālama olaola. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua kapa ʻia ka ratio o BOD5/COD he helu helu biochemical. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka ratio, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi no ka mālama olaola. ʻO ka lakio BOD5/COD o ka wai ʻino kūpono no ka mālama olaola Manaʻo maʻamau ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.3.