Ana Turbidity

ʻO ka turbidity e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke keakea ʻana o ka hopena i ka hele ʻana o ka mālamalama, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka mālamalama e ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a me ka absorption o ka mālamalama e nā molekala solute. ʻAʻole pili ka turbidity o ka wai i ka ʻike o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka wai, akā pili pū kekahi i ko lākou nui, ʻano a me ka helu refractive. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻo NTU.
He kūpono ka turbidity no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai o ka wai maoli, ka wai inu a me kekahi wai ʻoihana. ʻO nā mea paʻa a me nā colloids i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e like me ka lepo, ka lepo, nā mea ola maikaʻi, nā mea inorganic, a me ka plankton i loko o ka wai hiki ke hoʻohaumia i ka wai a hōʻike i kekahi ʻano ʻino. E like me ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai, ʻo ka turbidity i hoʻokumu ʻia e 1 mg SiO2 i ka wai 1L hoʻokahi ʻāpana turbidity maʻamau, i kapa ʻia ʻo 1 degere. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka turbidity, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o ke ao o ka hopena. He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻoihana a me kahi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o ka wai. E like me nā hoʻohana like ʻole o ka wai, aia nā koi like ʻole no ka turbidity. ʻAʻole pono e ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka wai inu ma mua o 1NTU; ʻO ka turbidity o ka wai hoʻohui no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoluʻu e koi ʻia he 2 a 5 degere; ʻo ka wai influent (wai maka) no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wai desalinated he turbid. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā fibers i hana ʻia e ke kanaka pono e emi ka turbidity o ka wai ma lalo o 0.3 degere. No ka mea, ʻo nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a me nā ʻāpana colloidal i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka turbidity maʻamau paʻa a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole, ʻaʻole lākou e noho me ka ʻole o ka mālama kemika. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wai ʻoihana, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻano o ka coagulation, ka wehewehe a me ka kānana e hōʻemi i ka turbidity o ka wai.

Ana turbidity
Hiki ke ana 'ia ka turbidity me ka nephelometer. Hoʻouna ka nephelometer i ka mālamalama ma o kahi ʻāpana o ka laʻana a ana i ka nui o ka mālamalama i hoʻopuehu ʻia e nā ʻāpana i loko o ka wai ma kahi kihi 90° i ka mālamalama hanana. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano ana ʻana o ka māmā hoʻopuehu. Pono e ana ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano turbidity maoli. He kūpono ka mita turbidity no nā ana ʻelua a me ke ana ʻana, a me ka nānā mau ʻana a puni ka uaki.

ʻEkolu mau ala no ka ʻike ʻana i ka turbidity: Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU) ma ISO 7027, Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) ma USEPA Method 180.1 a me Nephelometry ma HJ1075-2019. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo ISO 7027 a me FNU ma ʻEulopa, ʻoiai ʻo NTU i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Hāʻawi ka ISO 7027 i nā ala no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka turbidity i ka maikaʻi o ka wai. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi hāpana wai ma ke ana ʻana i ka mālamalama hanana i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma nā kihi ʻākau mai ka hāpana. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kukui i hoʻopuehu ʻia e kahi photodiode, kahi e hana ai i kahi hōʻailona uila, a laila hoʻololi ʻia i turbidity. Hoʻohui ʻo HJ1075-2019 i nā ʻano o ISO7029 a me 180.1, a hoʻopaʻa i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻike pālua. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi ʻōnaehana ʻike hoʻokahi-beam, hoʻomaikaʻi ka ʻōnaehana dual-beam i ka pololei o ka turbidity kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa. Manaʻo ʻia ma ka maʻamau e koho i kahi turbidimeter me kahi kukui hanana o 400-600 nm no nā laʻana ma lalo o 10 NTU, a me kahi turbidimeter me kahi kukui hanana o 860 nm ± 30 nm no nā ʻāpana kala. No kēia, ua hoʻolālā ʻo LianhuaLH-NTU2M (V11). Hoʻohana ka mea hana i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi turbidimeter scattering 90 ° me ka hoʻololi maʻalahi o ke kukui keʻokeʻo a me nā kukuna ʻelua infrared. Ke ʻike nei i nā laʻana ma lalo o 10NTU, hoʻohana ʻia kahi kumu kukui 400-600 nm. I ka ʻike ʻana i ka turbidity ma luna o 10NTU Ke hoʻohana nei i ke kumu kukui 860nm, ʻike maʻalahi, hoʻololi ʻana i ka lōʻihi hawewe, ʻoi aku ka naʻauao a pololei.

1. Hoʻopuka ʻia ka EPA180.1 e ka US Environmental Protection Agency. Hoʻohana ia i ke kukui tungsten e like me ke kumu māmā a kūpono no ke ana ʻana i nā laʻana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e like me ka wai paila a me ka wai inu. ʻAʻole kūpono ia no nā hāpana hāpana kala. E hoʻohana i ka lōʻihi hawewe 400-600nm.
2. ʻO ISO7027 kahi maʻamau i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka International Organization for Standardization. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa mai ka EPA180.1 ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā nano-LED i kumu kukui, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā photodetectors he nui e pale i nā hewa ana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka wai sample chromaticity interference a i ʻole ke kukui hele hewa. Ka lōʻihi o ka nalu 860±30nm.
3. Hoʻopuka ʻia ka HJ 1075-2019 e ka Ministry of Ecology and Environment o koʻu ʻāina, e hui pū ana i ka maʻamau ISO7027 a me ka maʻamau EPA 180.1. Me 400-600nm a me 860± 30nm hawewe lōʻihi. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka turbidity, ka wai inu, ka wai kahawai, ka wai ʻauʻau, a me ka wai ʻino.