ʻIke ʻia ʻo Phosphorus (TP) i ka wai

ʻO ka nui o ka phosphorus kahi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o ka wai, he hopena nui ia i ke kaiaola o nā kino wai a me ke olakino kanaka. ʻO ka nui o ka phosphorus kekahi o nā meaʻai e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā algae, akā inā kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka phosphorus i loko o ka wai, e alakaʻi ia i ka eutrophication o ke kino wai, e hoʻolalelale i ka hana hou ʻana o nā algae a me nā maʻi bacteria, e hoʻoulu ai i nā pua algal. a pili nui i ka kaiaola o ke kino wai. A i kekahi mau hihia, e like me ka wai inu a me ka wai ʻauʻau, hiki i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka phosphorus ke hōʻeha i ke olakino kanaka, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā pēpē a me nā wahine hāpai.
Nā kumu o ka phosphorus a pau i ka wai
(1) Hoʻohaumia mahiʻai
ʻO ka haumia mahiʻai ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā mea kanu kemika, a kahe ka phosphorus i loko o nā mea kanu kemika i loko o nā kino wai ma o ka wai ua a i ʻole ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mahiʻai. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia ka 10% -25% o ka mea kanu e nā mea kanu, a waiho ʻia ke koena 75% -90% i ka lepo. Wahi a nā hualoaʻa noiʻi mua, ʻo 24% -71% o ka phosphorus i ka wai mai ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mahiʻai, no laila ʻo ka pollution phosphorus i ka wai ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka phosphorus i ka lepo i ka wai. Wahi a nā helu helu, ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fertilizer phosphate he 10%-20% wale nō. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka phosphate fertilizer ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopau wale i nā kumu waiwai, akā ke kumu hoʻi i ka nui o ka phosphate fertilizer e hoʻohaumia i nā kumu wai ma o ka holo ʻana o ka ʻili.

(2) ka hoʻoheheʻe hale
ʻO ka wai hoʻoheheʻe hale e pili ana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe hale aupuni, ka wai hoʻoheheʻe hale noho, a me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻenehana i hoʻolei ʻia i loko o nā ʻōpala. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka phosphorus i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe hale, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea holoi holoi phosphorus, nā ʻōpala kanaka, a me nā ʻōpala home. Hoʻohana nui nā huahana holoi i ka sodium phosphate a me ka polysodium phosphate, a ʻo ka phosphorus i loko o ka mea holoi e kahe ana i loko o ke kino wai me ka wai.

(3) Ka wai ʻino ʻoihana
ʻO ka wai ʻino ʻoihana kekahi o nā kumu nui e hoʻonui ai i ka phosphorus i nā kino wai. Loaʻa i ka wai ʻino ʻoihana nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻohaumia kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻano mea haumia he nui, paʻakikī ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa, a me nā mea paʻakikī. Inā hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia ka wai ʻōpala ʻoihana me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana, e hopena nui ia i ke kino wai. Nā hopena ʻino i ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino o nā kamaʻāina.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka wehe ʻana i ka phosphorus
(1) Electrolysis
Ma o ke kumukānāwai o ka electrolysis, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā mea ʻino i loko o ka wai ʻino i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana a me ka hopena oxidation ma nā pole maikaʻi ʻole a me ka maikaʻi, a ua hoʻololi ʻia nā mea ʻino i mea ʻino ʻole e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai. Loaʻa i ke kaʻina hana electrolysis nā mea maikaʻi o ka hana kiʻekiʻe, nā mea maʻalahi, ka hana maʻalahi, ka hoʻoneʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, a me ka ʻoihana o nā mea hana; ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohui i nā coagulants, nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā mea kemika ʻē aʻe, e pale i ka hopena i ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe, a hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai i ka manawa like. E hana ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi o ka lepo. Eia nō naʻe, pono ke ʻano electrolysis e hoʻopau i ka ikehu uila a me nā mea kila, kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai hana, paʻakikī ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻokele, a ʻo ka pilikia o ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i ka sediment e pono ai ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻonā.

(2) Electrodialysis
Ma ke ʻano electrodialysis, ma o ka hana ʻana o kahi kahua uila waho, neʻe nā anion a me nā cations i loko o ka hopena wai i ka anode a me ka cathode i kēlā me kēia, no laila e hoʻemi nui ʻia ka ʻike o ka ion i waenakonu o ka electrode, a me ka ʻike ion. kokoke i ka electrode ua hoʻonui. Inā hoʻohui ʻia kahi membrane hoʻololi ion i waenakonu o ka electrode, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka noʻonoʻo. ka pahuhopu o. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka electrodialysis a me ka electrolysis ʻoiai he kiʻekiʻe ka uila o ka electrodialysis, ʻaʻole nui ke ʻano o kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama i ka hopena redox mau i koi ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka electrolysis ka mea kūʻē. Loaʻa i ka ʻenehana Electrodialysis nā pono o ka pono ʻole no nā kemika, nā mea hana maʻalahi a me ke kaʻina hui, a me ka hana maʻalahi. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau hemahema e kaupalena ana i kāna noi ākea, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe, nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wai maka, a me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka mālama ʻana.

(3) Keʻano adsorption
ʻO ke ʻano adsorption kahi ala e hoʻopili ʻia ai kekahi mau mea haumia i ka wai a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā porous solids (adsorbents) e wehe i nā mea haumia i ka wai. ʻO ka maʻamau, ua māhele ʻia ke ʻano adsorption i ʻekolu mau ʻanuʻu. ʻO ka mea mua, pili piha ka adsorbent me ka wai ʻino i mea e hoʻopili ʻia ai nā mea haumia; ʻO ka lua, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka adsorbent a me ka wai ʻino; ʻO ke kolu, ka hana hou ʻana a i ʻole ka hana hou ʻana o ka adsorbent. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻohana nui ʻia o carbon activated e like me adsorbent, synthetic macroporous adsorption resin i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka adsorption mālama wai. Loaʻa i ke ʻano adsorption nā pono o ka hana maʻalahi, ka hopena lapaʻau maikaʻi a me ka mālama wikiwiki. Eia naʻe, kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai, a e emi ana ka hopena saturation adsorption. Inā hoʻohana ʻia ka resin adsorption, koi ʻia ka nānā ʻana ma hope o ka saturation adsorption, a paʻakikī ke hana ʻana i ka wai ʻōpala.

(4) Keʻano hoʻololi ion
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ion ma lalo o ka hana o ka hoʻololi ion, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ion i loko o ka wai no ka phosphorus i loko o ka mea paʻa, a ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka phosphorus e ka resin exchange anion, hiki ke wehe koke i ka phosphorus a loaʻa ka phosphorus kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i ka resin exchange nā hemahema o ka make maʻalahi a me ka hana hou paʻakikī.

(5) Keʻano crystallization
ʻO ka wehe ʻana o ka phosphorus ma ka crystallization e hoʻohui i kahi mea like me ka ʻili a me ke ʻano o ka phosphate insoluble i ka wai ʻino, e hoʻopau i ke kūlana metastable o nā ion i loko o ka wai ʻino, a e hoʻoheheʻe i nā kristal phosphate ma ka ʻili o ka mea crystallization e like me ka nucleus aniani, a laila. hoʻokaʻawale a wehe i ka phosphorus. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea mineral i loko o ka calcium ma ke ʻano he crystallization agents, e like me ka pōhaku phosphate, iwi char, slag, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Mālama ia i ka papahele a maʻalahi ka mālama ʻana, akā loaʻa i nā koi pH kiʻekiʻe a me kahi ʻano ion calcium.

(6) ʻĀina wai hana
Hoʻohui ʻia ka wehe ʻana o ka phosphorus wetland i nā pono o ka wehe ʻana i ka phosphorus biological, ka wehe ʻana i ka phosphorus chemical precipitation, a me ka wehe ʻana i ka phosphorus adsorption. Hoʻemi ia i ka ʻike phosphorus ma o ka absorption biological a me ka assimilation, a me ka adsorption substrate. ʻO ka wehe ʻana o ka phosphorus ma o ka substrate adsorption o ka phosphorus.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hiki i nā ala i luna ke wehe i ka phosphorus i ka wai ʻino me ka maʻalahi a me ka wikiwiki, akā aia kekahi mau hemahema. Inā hoʻohana wale ʻia kekahi o nā ala, hiki i ka noi maoli ke kū i nā pilikia hou aʻe. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻano hana i luna no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana a i ʻole ka lapaʻau holomua no ka wehe ʻana i ka phosphorus, a hui pū ʻia me ka wehe ʻana i ka phosphorus biological hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi aʻe.
ʻO ke ala no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nui o ka Phosphorus
1. Molybdenum-antimony anti-spectrophotometry: ʻO ke kumu o ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka molybdenum-antimony anti-spectrophotometry ʻo ia: ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic, hiki i ka phosphorus i loko o nā wai hāpana ke hana me ka molybdenum acid a me ka antimony potassium tartrate ma ke ʻano o nā ion e hana ai i ka molybdenum waikawa. paʻakikī. ʻO Polyacid, a hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia kēia mea e ka mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa ascorbic acid e hana i kahi paʻakikī uliuli, a mākou i kapa ai he molybdenum blue. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana no ka nānā ʻana i nā laʻana wai, pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana digestion e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pollution wai. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana o ka potassium persulfate ka mea maʻamau i nā ʻano wai me kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka haumia, a inā ʻoi loa ka haumia o ka wai, e ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka oxygen haʻahaʻa, nā paʻakai metala kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea ola. I kēia manawa, pono mākou e hoʻohana i ka oxidizing Stronger reagent digestion. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana a me ka maikaʻi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano e hoʻoholo ai i ka ʻike o ka phosphorus i loko o nā ʻano wai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopōkole wale i ka manawa nānā, akā loaʻa nō hoʻi ka pololei kiʻekiʻe, ka naʻau maikaʻi a me ka palena haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Mai ka hoʻohālikelike piha ʻana, ʻo kēia ke ala ʻike maikaʻi loa.
2. Ke ala hoemi ferrous chloride: E hui i ka laana wai me ka sulfuric acid a wela a hiki i ka paila ana, a laila e hookomo i ka ferrous chloride a me ka sulfuric acid e hoemi i ka phosphorus a pau i ka phosphate ion. A laila e hoʻohana i ka ammonium molybdate no ka pane kala, a e hoʻohana i ka colorimetry a i ʻole spectrophotometry e ana i ka absorbance e helu i ka huina o ka phosphorus.
3. Kiʻekiʻe-mehana digestion-spectrophotometry: E hoʻoheheʻe i ka hāpana wai ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe e hoʻololi i ka phosphorus holoʻokoʻa i nā ion phosphorus inorganic. A laila, e hoʻohana i ka ʻakika potassium dichromate solution e hoʻemi i ka phosphate ion a me ka potassium dichromate ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻakika e hoʻohua i ka Cr(III) a me ka phosphate. Ua ana ʻia ka waiwai absorption o Cr(III), a ua helu ʻia ka ʻike o ka phosphorus e ka pihi maʻamau.
4. Atomic fluorescence ala: ka huina phosphorus i loko o ka wai hāpana ua hoohuli mua ia i inorganic phosphorus ano, a laila kālailai 'ana e ka atomic fluorescence analyer e hoʻoholo i kona maʻiʻo.
5. Ke kinoea chromatography: Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka phosphorus a pau i loko o ka hāpana wai a ʻike ʻia e ka chromatography kinoea. Ua mālama mua ʻia ka hāpana wai e unuhi i nā ion phosphate, a laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hui ʻana o ka acetonitrile-wai (9:1) i mea hoʻoheheʻe no ka derivatization mua o ke kolamu, a ʻo ka hopena ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka phosphorus e ka chromatography kinoea.
6. Isothermal turbidimetry: hoohuli i ka huina o ka phosphorus i loko o ka wai hāpana i phosphate ions, a laila e hoʻohui i ka buffer a me ka Molybdovanadophosphoric Acid (MVPA) reagent e hana i ka paʻakikī melemele, e ana i ka waiwai absorbance me ka colorimeter, a laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kaha calibration. e helu i ka huina o ka phosphorus.