19. ʻEhia ka nui o nā ʻano hoʻoheheʻe wai i ka wā e ana ana i ka BOD5? He aha nā hana mālama?
Ke ana ʻana i ka BOD5, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe wai i ʻelua ʻano: ke ʻano dilution maʻamau a me ke ʻano dilution pololei. Pono ke ʻano dilution maʻamau i ka nui o ka wai dilution a i ʻole ka wai dilution inoculation.
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau e hoʻohui i kahi 500mL o ka wai dilution a i ʻole ka inoculation dilution wai i ka 1L a i ʻole 2L graduated cylinder, a laila hoʻohui i kahi helu o ka wai hoʻohālike, e hoʻohui i ka wai dilution a i ʻole ka inoculation dilution wai i ka piha piha, a hoʻohana i kahi. ʻōpala ma ka hope a Hoʻoulu mālie ʻia ke koʻokoʻo aniani pōʻai i luna a i lalo paha ma lalo o ka wai. ʻO ka hope loa, e hoʻohana i ka siphon e hoʻokomo i ka hāpana hāpana wai i hui pū ʻia i loko o ka ʻōmole moʻomeheu, hoʻopiha iā ia me kahi kahe liʻiliʻi, e uhi pono i ka pahu pahu, a hoʻopaʻa i ka wai. waha omole. No nā laʻana wai me ka ratio dilution ʻelua a ʻekolu paha, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke koena hui ʻia. Ma hope o ka helu ʻana, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kekahi nui o ka wai dilution a i ʻole ka wai dilution inoculated, hui ʻia a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka ʻōmole moʻomeheu ma ke ʻano like.
ʻO ke ala hoʻoheheʻe pololei ʻo ia ka hoʻokomo mua ʻana ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka nui o ka wai dilution a i ʻole ka inoculation dilution wai i loko o ka ʻōmole moʻomeheu o ka leo i ʻike ʻia ma ka siphoning, a laila e hoʻokomo i ka nui o ka wai hoʻohālike e hoʻohui ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻōmole moʻomeheu i helu ʻia ma muli o ka dilution. kumu ma ka paia o ka omole. , a laila e hoʻokomo i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a i ʻole ka wai hoʻoheheʻe inoculate i ka ʻōmole, e pani pono i ka pahu pahu, a hoʻopaʻa i ka waha o ka ʻōmole me ka wai.
I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano dilution pololei, pono e uku nui ʻia i ka hoʻokomo ʻole ʻana i ka wai dilution a i ʻole ka inoculating i ka wai dilution wikiwiki loa i ka hopena. I ka manawa like, pono e ʻimi i nā lula hana no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka leo maikaʻi loa e pale aku i nā hewa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka overflow.
ʻAʻohe mea i hoʻohana ʻia, i ka wā e hoʻokomo ai i ka hāpana wai i loko o ka ʻōmole moʻomeheu, pono e maʻalahi ka hana e pale aku i nā ʻōhū, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ea i loko o ka wai a i ʻole ka puka ʻana o ka oxygen mai ka wai. I ka manawa like, e makaʻala i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa paʻa ai i ka ʻōmole e pale aku i nā ʻōmole ea e waiho ana i loko o ka ʻōmole, e pili ana i nā hopena ana. Ke hoʻouluʻia ka'ōmole moʻomeheu i loko o ka incubator, pono e nānā i ka sila wai i kēlā me kēia lā a hoʻopihaʻia me ka wai i ka manawa e pale ai i ka wai hoʻopaʻaʻana mai ka ea a hiki i ka ea ke komo i loko o ka'ōmole. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻōmole moʻomeheu ʻelua i hoʻohana ʻia ma mua a ma hope o nā lā 5 pono e hoʻemi i nā hewa.
20. He aha nā pilikia e hiki mai ana ke ana ʻana i ka BOD5?
Ke ana ʻia ka BOD5 ma ka effluent o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai me ka nitrification, no ka mea he nui nā bacteria nitrifying, ʻo nā hopena ana ke koi ʻia o ka oxygen o nā mea i loaʻa i ka nitrogen e like me ka amonia nitrogen. I ka wā e pono ai e hoʻokaʻawale i ka koi o ka oxygen o nā mea carbonaceous a me ka koi o ka oxygen o nā mea nitrogenous i loko o nā ʻano wai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā inhibitors nitrification i ka wai dilution e hoʻopau i ka nitrification i ka wā o ke kaʻina hoʻoholo BOD5. No ka laʻana, hoʻohui i 10mg 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine a i ʻole 10mg propenyl thiourea, etc.
ʻO BOD5/CODCr kokoke i ka 1 a i ʻole ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 1, e hōʻike pinepine ana he hewa i ka hana hoʻāʻo. Pono e nānā ʻia kēlā me kēia loulou o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, a pono e nānā pono i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka hāpana wai. He mea ma'amau no ka BOD5/CODMn kokoke i ka 1 a oi aku paha ma mua o ka 1, no ka mea, he ha'aha'a loa ka degere o ka oxidation o na mea kino i loko o ka wai ma o ka potassium permanganate ma mua o ka potassium dichromate. He haʻahaʻa ka waiwai CODMn o ka laʻana wai like i kekahi manawa ma mua o ka waiwai CODCr. nui ʻino.
Ke loaʻa kahi hanana maʻamau e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka dilution factor a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka waiwai BOD5, ʻo ke kumu maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai i nā mea e pale ai i ka ulu a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā microorganism. I ka haʻahaʻa ʻana o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea pale i loko o ka hāpana wai, ʻaʻole hiki i ka bacteria ke hoʻokō i ka biodegradation maikaʻi, e hopena i nā hopena ana BOD5 haʻahaʻa. I kēia manawa, pono e ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana kikoʻī a i ʻole nā kumu o nā mea antibacterial, a pono e hoʻokō ʻia ka pretreatment kūpono e hoʻopau a uhi paha iā lākou ma mua o ke ana ʻana.
Ke haʻahaʻa ka BOD5/CODCr, e like me lalo o 0.2 a i ʻole ma lalo o 0.1, inā ʻo ka hāpana wai i ana ʻia he wai ʻino ʻoihana, ma muli paha o ka biodegradability maikaʻi ʻole o ka mea organik i loko o ka hāpana wai. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻo ka hāpana wai i ana ʻia he wai hoʻoheheʻe kūlanakauhale a i hui pū ʻia me kekahi wai ʻino ʻenehana, ʻo ia ka hapa o ka ʻōpala hale, ʻaʻole wale no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻona a i ʻole nā antibiotic i loko o ka hāpana wai, akā ʻo nā kumu maʻamau ka waiwai pH ʻole. a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā fungicides chlorine koena. I mea e pale aku ai i nā hewa, i ka wā o ke ana ʻana o ka BOD5, pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia nā waiwai pH o ka wai wai a me ka wai dilution i 7 a me 7.2. Pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻike maʻamau i nā laʻana wai i loaʻa i nā mea ʻona e like me ke koena chlorine.
21. He aha nā hōʻailona e hōʻike ana i nā mea kanu i ka wai ʻino?
Aia nā mea kanu i ka nitrogen, phosphorus a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu. Hiki i nā meaʻai kūpono ke hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana o nā meaola a me nā microorganism. ʻO ka nui o nā mea kanu mea kanu e komo ana i loko o ke kino wai e hoʻonui ai ka limu i loko o ke kino wai, e hopena i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "eutrophication" phenomena, kahi e hōʻemi hou ai i ka maikaʻi o ka wai, pili i ka hana lawaiʻa a pōʻino i ke olakino kanaka. Hiki i ka eutrophication koʻikoʻi o nā loko pāpaʻu ke alakaʻi i ke kai a me ka make.
I ka manawa like, ʻo nā mea kanu mea kanu nā mea pono no ka ulu ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā microorganisms i loko o ka sludge i hoʻāla ʻia, a he kumu nui e pili ana i ka hana maʻamau o ke kaʻina mālama ola. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu mea kanu i loko o ka wai ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona hoʻomalu koʻikoʻi i nā hana lapaʻau maʻamau.
ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka maikaʻi o ka wai e hōʻike ana i nā mea kanu mea kanu i loko o ka ʻōpala ka nui o nā pūhui nitrogen (e like me ka nitrogen organic, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite a me ka nitrate, etc.) a me nā pūhui phosphorus (e like me ka huina o ka phosphorus, phosphate, etc.). Ma nā hana lapaʻau maʻamau, ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou e nānā i ka amonia nitrogen a me ka phosphate i ka wai komo a i waho. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana i ka hana maʻamau o ka mālama olaola, a ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka effluent i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu ʻāina.
22. He aha nā hōʻailona maikaʻi o ka wai o nā pūhui nitrogen i hoʻohana mau ʻia? Pehea ko lakou pili ana?
ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka maikaʻi o ka wai maʻamau e hōʻike ana i nā pūhui naikokene i loko o ka wai, ʻo ia ka huina o ka nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite a me ka nitrate.
ʻO ka naikokene Ammonia he nitrogen i loaʻa ma ke ʻano o NH3 a me NH4+ i ka wai. ʻO ia ka huahana hana mua o ka decomposition oxidative o nā pūhui nitrogen organik a he hōʻailona ia o ka haumia wai. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka nitrite i loko o ka nitrite (i hōʻike ʻia e like me NO2-) ma lalo o ka hana o ka bacteria nitrite, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka nitrite i loko o ka nitrate (i hōʻike ʻia e like me NO3-) ma lalo o ka hana o ka bacteria nitrate. Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka nitrate i ka nitrite ma lalo o ka hana a nā microorganisms i loko o kahi kaiapuni ʻole o ka oxygen. Ke ʻano nui ka nitrogen i loko o ka wai i ke ʻano o ka nitrate, hiki iā ia ke hōʻike he liʻiliʻi loa ka ʻike o ka mea hoʻonaninani i loko o ka wai a ua hiki ke kino wai i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ponoʻī.
Hiki ke ana ʻia ka huina o ka naikokene organik a me ka naikokene ammonia me ke ʻano Kjeldahl (GB 11891–89). Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Kjeldahl nitrogen i loko o nā hāpana wai i ana ʻia e ke ʻano Kjeldahl, no laila, ʻo ka nitrogen Kjeldahl i ʻike mau ʻia ʻo ia ka ammonia nitrogen. a me ka naikokene organik. Ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i ka naikokene amonia mai ka hāpana wai, a laila ana ʻia e ke ʻano Kjeldahl. ʻO ka waiwai i ana ʻia he nitrogen organik. Inā ana ʻokoʻa ʻia ʻo Kjeldahl nitrogen a me ammonia nitrogen i loko o nā laʻana wai, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa hoʻi ka nitrogen organik. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka nitrogen Kjeldahl ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona hoʻomalu no ka maʻi o ka wai e komo mai ana o nā lako hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi kuhikuhi no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka eutrophication o nā kino wai maoli e like me nā muliwai, nā loko a me nā kai.
ʻO ka huina o ka naikokene ka huina o ka naikokene organika, ka naikokene ammonia, ka naikokene nitrite a me ka naikokene nitrate i loko o ka wai, ʻo ia ka huina o Kjeldahl nitrogen a me ka huina o ka nitrogen. Hiki ke ana 'ia ka nui o ka naikokene, nitrite nitrogen a me ka nitrate nitrogen me ka spectrophotometry. No ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana o ka nitrite nitrogen, e ʻike i ka GB7493-87, no ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana o ka nitrogen nitrate, e ʻike i ka GB7480-87, a no ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka nitrogen, e ʻike iā GB 11894- -89. Hōʻike ʻia ka huina o ka nitrogen i ka huina o nā pūhui nitrogen i loko o ka wai. He hōʻailona koʻikoʻi ia o ka mālama ʻana i ka haumia wai maoli a me kahi ʻāpana mana koʻikoʻi i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe wai.
23. He aha nā mea e mālama ai no ke ana ʻana i ka nitrogen ammonia?
ʻO nā ʻano hana maʻamau no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka naikokene ammonia, ʻo ia nā ʻano colorimetric, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Nessler's reagent colorimetric method (GB 7479–87) a me salicylic acid-hypochlorite method (GB 7481–87). Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā laʻana wai e ka acidification me ka sulfuric acid concentrated. ʻO ke ʻano kikoʻī, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waikawa sulfuric concentrated e hoʻoponopono i ka waiwai pH o ka hāpana wai ma waena o 1.5 a me 2, a mālama i loko o kahi kaiapuni 4oC. ʻO nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa o ka Nessler reagent colorimetric method a me ka salicylic acid-hypochlorite method he 0.05mg/L a me 0.01mg/L (helu ʻia ma N). Ke ana ana i ka wai lamehana me ka hoʻonui ʻia ma luna o 0.2mg/L I ka wā , hiki ke hoʻohana i ke ʻano volumetric (CJ/T75–1999). No ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena pololei, ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ke ʻano loiloi, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua ʻia ka hāpana wai i ke ana ʻana i ka nitrogen ammonia.
He hopena nui ka pH waiwai o nā laʻana wai i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka amonia. Inā kiʻekiʻe loa ka waiwai pH, e hoʻololi ʻia kekahi mau mea hoʻohuihui nitrogen i loko o ka ammonia. Inā haʻahaʻa loa ka pH, e noho kekahi hapa o ka ammonia i loko o ka wai i ka wā hoʻomehana a me ka distillation. No ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena pololei, pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hāpana wai i kū ʻole ma mua o ka nānā ʻana. Inā ʻakika loa ka hāpana wai a i ʻole alkaline, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka waiwai pH i kū ʻole me 1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution a i ʻole 1mol/L sulfuric acid solution. A laila e hoʻohui i ka phosphate buffer solution e mālama i ka waiwai pH ma 7.4, a laila e hana i ka distillation. Ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ammonia mai ka wai ma kahi kūlana kinoea. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia ka 0.01~0.02mol/L dilute sulfuric acid (phenol-hypochlorite method) a i ʻole 2% dilute boric acid (Nessler's reagent method) i hoʻohana ʻia e komo.
No kekahi mau la'ana wai me ka nui Ca2+ ma'i'o, ma hope o ka ho'ohui 'ana i ka phosphate buffer solution, Ca2+ a me PO43- ho'opuka i ka insoluble Ca3(PO43-)2 precipitate a ho'oku'u i ka H+ i loko o ka phosphate, e ho'emi ana i ka waiwai pH. ʻIke loa, hiki i nā Ion ʻē aʻe ke hoʻoheheʻe me ka phosphate hiki ke hoʻopili i ka waiwai pH o nā laʻana wai i ka wā o ka distillation wela. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, no ia laʻana wai, ʻoiai inā hoʻololi ʻia ka waiwai pH i ke kūʻokoʻa a hoʻohui ʻia kahi solution buffer phosphate, e emi loa ana ka waiwai pH ma mua o ka waiwai i manaʻo ʻia. No laila, no nā laʻana wai ʻike ʻole, e ana hou i ka waiwai pH ma hope o ka distillation. Inā ʻaʻole ka pH ma waena o 7.2 a me 7.6, pono e hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka hopena buffer. ʻO ka maʻamau, pono e hoʻohui ʻia he 10 mL o ka hoʻoheheʻe phosphate buffer no kēlā me kēia 250 mg o ka calcium.
24. He aha nā hōʻailona o ka maikaʻi o ka wai e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike o nā pūhui phosphorus i loko o ka wai? Pehea ko lakou pili ana?
ʻO Phosphorus kekahi o nā mea e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola wai. Aia ka hapa nui o ka phosphorus i loko o ka wai ma nā ʻano like ʻole o ka phosphates, a aia kahi mea liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano o nā pūhui phosphorus organik. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā Phosphates i ka wai i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: orthophosphate a me condensed phosphate. ʻO ka Orthophosphate e pili ana i nā phosphates e noho nei ma ke ʻano o PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka phosphate condensed e komo pū ana me ka pyrophosphate a me ka waikawa metaphosphoric. ʻO nā paʻakai a me nā polymeric phosphates, e like me P2O74-, P3O105-, HP3O92-, (PO3) 63-, etc. ʻO nā pūhui organophosphorus ka nui o nā phosphates, phosphites, pyrophosphates, hypophosphites a me nā amine phosphates. ʻO ka huina o nā phosphates a me ka phosphorus organik i kapa ʻia he phosphorus piha a he hōʻailona koʻikoʻi hoʻi ka wai.
ʻO ke ʻano loiloi o ka phosphorus holoʻokoʻa (e ʻike i ka GB 11893-89 no nā ʻano kikoʻī) ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu kumu. ʻO ka hana mua, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea oxidants e hoʻololi i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka phosphorus i loko o ka hāpana wai i phosphates. ʻO ka ʻanuʻu ʻelua e ana i ka orthophosphate, a laila hoʻohuli E helu i ka nui o ka phosphorus maʻiʻo. I ka wā maʻamau o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wai, pono ke nānā a ana ʻia ka ʻike o ka phosphate o ka ʻōpala e komo ana i ka mea mālama ola biochemical a me ka effluent o ka pahu sedimentation lua. Inā ʻaʻole lawa ka phosphate ma loko o ka wai e hiki mai ana, pono e hoʻohui ʻia kahi nui o ka phosphate fertilizer e hoʻohui iā ia; inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka phosphate ma loko o ka pahu wai sedimentation lua ma mua o ka pae mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pae mua o 0.5mg/L, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā hana hoʻoneʻe phosphorus.
25. He aha nā mea e mālama ai no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka phosphate?
ʻO ke ʻano o ke ana ʻana i ka phosphate ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻakika, hoʻohua ka phosphate a me ka ammonium molybdate i ka phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, i hoʻemi ʻia i kahi paʻakikī uliuli (i kapa ʻia ʻo molybdenum blue) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻemi stannous chloride a i ʻole ascorbic acid. ʻO ke ala CJ/T78–1999), hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka wahie alkaline no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ʻāpana kala he nui no ke ana spectrophotometric pololei.
ʻAʻole paʻa nā laʻana wai me ka phosphorus a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana ma hope koke o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana. Inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō koke ʻia ka nānā ʻana, e hoʻohui i ka 40 mg mercury chloride a i ʻole 1 mL sulfuric acid concentrated i kēlā me kēia lita o ka laʻana wai no ka mālama ʻana, a laila e mālama i loko o kahi ʻōmole aniani ʻeleʻele a waiho i loko o ka friji 4oC. Inā hoʻohana wale ʻia ka hāpana wai no ka nānā ʻana i ka nui o ka phosphorus, ʻaʻohe pono mālama mālama.
No ka mea hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka phosphate ma nā paia o nā ʻōmole plastik, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōmole plastik no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano wai. Pono e holoi ʻia nā ʻōmole aniani a pau i hoʻohana ʻia me ka dilute hot hydrochloric acid a i ʻole dilute nitric acid, a laila holoi pinepine ʻia me ka wai distilled.
26. He aha nā hōʻailona like ʻole e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike o ka mea paʻa i ka wai?
ʻO ka mea paʻa i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ka mea e lana ana ma luna o ka ʻili wai, nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka wai, nā mea paʻa e pohō ana i lalo a me nā mea paʻa i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. ʻO nā mea lana ka ʻāpana nui a i ʻole nā ʻāpana nui o nā haumia e lana ana ma luna o ka ʻili o ka wai a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka wai. ʻO ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he mau mea haumia liʻiliʻi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka wai. ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā haumia e hiki ke noho ma lalo o ke kino wai ma hope o kekahi manawa. Aneane aia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a pau me nā mea paʻakikī. ʻO ka mea sedimentable i haku nui ʻia me ka mea olaola, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻōpala, a ʻo ka mea sedimentable i haku nui ʻia me ka mea ʻole i kapa ʻia ke koena. He paʻakikī ke helu ʻana i nā mea lana, akā hiki ke ana ʻia nā mea paʻa ʻē aʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau hōʻailona.
ʻO ka hōʻailona e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā mea paʻa i loko o ka wai, ʻo ia ka paʻa paʻa, a i ʻole ka paʻa paʻa. Ma muli o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o nā mea paʻa i ka wai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea paʻa a pau i nā mea paʻa i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (Dissolved Solid, abbreviated as DS) a me nā solids suspended (Suspend Solid, abbreviated as SS). E like me ka waiwai o nā mea paʻa i loko o ka wai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea paʻa i loko o nā paʻa paʻa (VS) a me nā mea paʻa paʻa (FS, i kapa ʻia ʻo lehu). Ma waena o lākou, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (DS) a me nā mea paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (SS) i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻole, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻole a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-28-2023
