51. He aha nā hōʻailona like ʻole e hōʻike ana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa a ʻino i loko o ka wai?
Ma waho aʻe o kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā mea ʻawaʻawa a me nā mea ʻino i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau (e like me nā phenols volatile, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), paʻakikī ka hapa nui o lākou i ka biodegrade a he mea pōʻino loa i ke kino o ke kanaka, e like me ka petroleum, anionic surfactants (LAS), nā lāʻau pesticides Chlorine a me organophosphorus, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), high-molecular synthetic polymers (e like me nā plastics, rubber synthetic, artificial fibers, etc.), nā wahie a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ke kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mokuʻāina ʻo GB 8978-1996 he mau kānāwai koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai i loaʻa nā mea ʻona a me nā mea ʻino i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā ʻoihana like ʻole. ʻO nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o ka wai e like me benzo(a)pyrene, petroleum, volatile phenols, a me nā pesticides organophosphorus (helu ʻia ma P ), tetrachloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, benzene, toluene, m-cresol a me 36 mau mea ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa i nā ʻoihana like ʻole nā hōʻailona hoʻokuʻu wai ʻino e pono ke hoʻomalu ʻia. Pono e nānā ʻia nā hōʻailona maikaʻi o ka wai i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu ʻāina ma muli o ke ʻano kikoʻī o ka wai ʻino i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e kēlā me kēia ʻoihana.
52. ʻEhia ʻano o nā pūhui phenolic i loko o ka wai?
ʻO ka Phenol kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe hydroxyl o benzene, me kāna pūʻulu hydroxyl i pili pono i ke apo benzene. E like me ka helu o nā pūʻulu hydroxyl i loko o ke apo benzene, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā phenols unitary (e like me ka phenol) a me nā polyphenols. E like me ka mea hiki volatilize me ka wai mahu, ua maheleia i volatile phenol a me non-volatile phenol. No laila, ʻaʻole pili wale nā phenols i ka phenol, akā pū kekahi i ka inoa nui o nā phenolates i pani ʻia e ka hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, carboxyl, a pēlā aku i nā kūlana ortho, meta a me para.
ʻO nā pūhui Phenolic e pili ana i ka benzene a me kāna mau mea hoʻohui hydroxyl fused-ring. Nui nā ʻano. Manaʻo maʻamau ʻo ka poʻe me ka lae paila ma lalo o 230oC he mau phenols hikiwawe, aʻo ka poʻe me ka lae paila ma luna o 230oC he mau phenols ʻole. ʻO nā phenols maʻemaʻe i loko o nā kūlana maikaʻi o ka wai e pili ana i nā pūhui phenolic hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe pū me ka mahu wai i ka wā distillation.
53. He aha nā ʻano hana maʻamau no ke ana ʻana i ka phenol volatile?
No ka mea, he ʻano pūhui nā phenols ma mua o ka pūhui hoʻokahi, ʻoiai inā hoʻohana ʻia ka phenol ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ʻokoʻa nā hopena inā hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano loiloi like ʻole. I mea e hoʻohālikelike ai nā hopena, pono e hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hui like ʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia e ka ʻāina. ʻO nā ʻano ana i hoʻohana mau ʻia no ka phenol volatile ka 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry i kuhikuhi ʻia ma GB 7490-87 a me ka hiki bromination i kuhikuhi ʻia ma GB 7491-87. Kānāwai.
4–Aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric ala ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi nā kumu hoʻopilikia a me ka naʻau kiʻekiʻe, a kūpono ia no ke ana ʻana i nā laʻana wai maʻemaʻe me ka maʻiʻo phenol.<5mg>He mea maʻalahi a maʻalahi ke ʻano o ka bromination volumetric, a ua kūpono ia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nui o nā phenols volatile i loko o ka wai ʻōpala ʻoihana> 10 mg / L a i ʻole effluent mai nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻoihana. ʻO ke kumu kumu ʻo ia i loko o kahi hoʻonā me ka bromine keu, phenol a me bromine e hoʻohua i ka tribromophenol, a hoʻohua hou i ka bromotribromophenol. Hoʻopili ke koena bromine me ka potassium iodide e hoʻokuʻu i ka iodine manuahi, aʻo ka bromotribromophenol e hana me ka potassium iodide e hana i ka tribromophenol a me ka iodine manuahi. Hoʻopili ʻia ka iodine manuahi me ka solution sodium thiosulfate, a hiki ke helu ʻia ka maʻi phenol volatile ma ke ʻano o ka phenol ma muli o kāna ʻai ʻana.
54. He aha nā mea e mālama ai no ke ana ʻana i ka phenol volatile?
No ka mea, hiki i ka oxygen dissolved a me nā mea ʻona ʻē aʻe a me nā microorganisms ke hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻoheheʻe paha i nā pūhui phenolic, e hoʻolilo i nā pūhui phenolic i loko o ka wai i paʻa ʻole, ʻo ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka waikawa (H3PO4) a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka mahana e hoʻohana mau ʻia e kāohi i ka hana a nā microorganisms, a lawa. ka nui o ka sulfuric acid i hoʻohui ʻia. Hoʻopau ke ʻano ferrous i nā hopena o nā oxidants. ʻOiai inā e lawe ʻia nā ana i luna, pono e nānā ʻia a hoʻāʻo ʻia nā laʻana wai i loko o 24 mau hola, a pono e mālama ʻia nā laʻana wai i loko o nā hue aniani ma mua o nā ipu plastik.
ʻAʻohe o ka bromination volumetric method a i ʻole ka 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric method, i ka wā i loaʻa ai i ka hāpana wai nā mea oxidizing a hōʻemi paha, nā ion metala, nā amine aromatic, nā aila a me nā ta, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e loaʻa ka hopena i ka pololei o ke ana. ke keʻakeʻa, pono e lawe ʻia nā hana kūpono e hoʻopau i kona hopena. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā oxidants ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ferrous sulfate a i ʻole ka sodium arsenite, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā sulfides ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke keleawe sulfate ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka ʻaila a me ka tar ma ka unuhi ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik ma lalo o nā kūlana alkaline ikaika. Hoʻopau ʻia nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa e like me ka sulfate a me ka formaldehyde ma ka unuhi ʻana iā lākou me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik ma lalo o nā kūlana waikawa a waiho i nā mea hoʻemi i ka wai. I ka nānā ʻana i ka wai me kahi mea paʻa paʻa, ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kahi manawa o ka ʻike, hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā ʻano o nā mea hoʻopili, a laila hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻano o nā mea hoʻopilikia ma ka hoʻonui ʻana a i ʻole ka emi ʻana, a hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā ʻanuʻu loiloi e like me ka nui. e like me ka hiki.
ʻO ka hana distillation kahi hana nui i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka phenol volatile. I mea e hoʻopau loa ai i ka phenol volatile, pono e hoʻololi ʻia ka waiwai pH o ka hāpana e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kahi o 4 (ka laulā discoloration o ka methyl alani). Eia hou, no ka mea, ua lohi ke kaʻina hana volatilization o ka phenol volatile, pono e like ka nui o ka distillate i hōʻiliʻili ʻia me ka nui o ka hāpana kumu e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, i ʻole e hoʻopilikia ʻia nā hopena ana. Inā ʻike ʻia ka distillate he keʻokeʻo a me ka turbid, pono e hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic. Inā he keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele ka distillate no ka lua o ka manawa, aia paha he ʻaila a me ke ta i loko o ka wai hoʻohālike, a pono e hoʻokō ʻia ka mālama kūpono.
ʻO ka huina nui i ana ʻia me ka bromination volumetric method he waiwai pili, a ʻo nā kūlana hana i kuhikuhi ʻia e nā kūlana aupuni e pono e hahai pono ʻia, me ka nui o ka wai i hoʻohui ʻia, ka mahana hopena a me ka manawa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, tribromophenol precipitates maʻalahi encapsulate I2, no laila e hoʻoluliluli ikaika ʻia ke hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka helu titration.
55. He aha nā mea e mālama ai no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry e hoʻoholo ai i nā phenols volatile?
I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectrophotometry 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP), pono e hana ʻia nā hana a pau i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu fume, a pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka pahu hau e hoʻopau i nā hopena ʻino o ka benzene ʻawaʻawa i ka mea hoʻohana. .
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka waiwai o ka reagent blank ma muli o nā kumu e like me ka contamination i ka wai distilled, glassware a me nā mea hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe, a me ka volatilization o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe unuhi ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka lumi lumi, a ʻo ia hoʻi ma muli o ka 4-AAP reagent. , ka mea maʻalahi i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai, caking a me ka oxidation. , no laila pono e lawe ʻia nā hana kūpono e hōʻoia i ka maʻemaʻe o 4-AAP. Hoʻopili maʻalahi ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka waihoʻoluʻu e ka pH waiwai, a pono e hoʻomalu pono ʻia ka waiwai pH o ka hopena hopena ma waena o 9.8 a me 10.2.
ʻAʻole paʻa ka hopena maʻamau o ka phenol. Pono e waiho ʻia ka hopena maʻamau me 1 mg phenol no ka ml i loko o ka friji a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma mua o 30 mau lā. Pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena maʻamau me 10 μg phenol i ka lā o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana. Pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena maʻamau i loaʻa ka 1 μg phenol per ml ma hope o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana. E hoʻohana i loko o 2 mau hola.
E hōʻoia e hoʻohui i nā reagent e like me nā kaʻina hana maʻamau, a lulu maikaʻi ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēlā me kēia reagent. Inā ʻaʻole e hoʻoluliluli like ʻia ka pahu ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana iā ia, ʻaʻole kūlike ka ʻike ʻana o ka ammonia i loko o ka hopena hoʻokolohua, e pili ana i ka hopena. Hiki i ka amonia haumia ke hoʻonui i ka waiwai hakahaka ma mua o 10 mau manawa. Inā ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka ammonia no ka manawa lōʻihi ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i ka hue, pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana.
ʻO ka waiʻulaʻula aminoantipyrine i hana ʻia he paʻa wale nō ma kahi o 30 mau minuke i ka wai wai, a hiki ke paʻa no 4 mau hola ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana i loko o ka chloroform. Inā lōʻihi ka manawa, e loli ke kala mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka melemele. Inā ʻeleʻele loa ka waihoʻoluʻu hakahaka ma muli o ka haumia o 4-aminoantipyrine, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ana hawewe 490nm e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pololei o ke ana. 4–I ka haumia ʻana o ka aminoantibi, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka methanol, a laila kānana a hoʻopaʻa hou ʻia me ke kalapona hoʻāla e hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-23-2023
