35. He aha ka wai turbidity?
He hōʻailona o ka hoʻouna māmā ʻana o nā mea hoʻohālike wai. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea anorganic a me nā mea ola a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e like me ka sediment, ka pālolo, nā microorganisms a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka wai e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai ka mālamalama e hele ana i ka hāpana wai. Ma muli o ke komo pololei ʻana, ʻo ke degere o ke keakea ʻana i ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi kumu kukui kikoʻī ke loaʻa i kēlā me kēia lita o ka wai distilled he 1 mg SiO2 (a i ʻole ka honua diatomaceous) i manaʻo ʻia he maʻamau turbidity, i kapa ʻia ʻo Jackson degere, i hōʻike ʻia ma JTU.
Hana ʻia ka mita turbidity ma muli o ke kumu o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā haumia i loko o ka wai i ka hopena lūlū i ka mālamalama. ʻO ka turbidity i ana ʻia ʻo ka ʻāpana turbidity lūlū, i hōʻike ʻia ma NTU. ʻAʻole pili wale ka turbidity o ka wai i ka ʻike o nā mea ʻala i loko o ka wai, akā pili pū kekahi i ka nui, ke ʻano, a me nā waiwai o kēia mau ʻāpana.
ʻO ka turbidity kiʻekiʻe o ka wai ʻaʻole wale e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka disinfectant, akā pili pū kekahi i ka hopena disinfection. ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka turbidity ʻo ia ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mea ʻino, bacteria a me nā maʻi i loko o ka wai. Ke piʻi ka ʻāhuehue o ka wai i 10 degere, hiki i nā kānaka ke haʻi aku he ʻūlū ka wai.
36. He aha nā ʻano no ke ana ʻana i ka turbidity?
ʻO nā ʻano ana turbidity i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kūlana aupuni GB13200-1991 e komo pū me spectrophotometry a me ka ʻike kala ʻike. ʻO ka ʻāpana o nā hopena o kēia mau ʻano ʻelua ʻo JTU. Eia kekahi, aia kahi ala hana no ke ana ʻana i ka wai turbidity me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hopena lūlū o ka mālamalama. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka hopena i ana ʻia e ka mika turbidity ʻo NTU. He kūpono ke ʻano spectrophotometric no ka ʻike ʻana i ka wai inu, ka wai kūlohelohe a me ka wai turbidity kiʻekiʻe, me ka palena haʻahaʻa loa o 3 degere; kūpono ke ʻano colorimetry ʻike no ka ʻike ʻana i ka wai turbidity haʻahaʻa e like me ka wai inu a me ka wai kumu, me ka palena palena haʻahaʻa o 1 Spend. Ke hoʻāʻo nei i ka turbidity i loko o ka lua wai sedimentation tank effluent a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa holomua ʻana i loko o ka hale hana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua ʻelua ʻike mua; i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ai i ka turbidity ma ka effluent o ka mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā pipeline o ka ʻōnaehana mālama holomua, pono pinepine e hoʻokomo i ka Turbidimeter pūnaewele.
ʻO ke kumu kumu o ka mika turbidity pūnaewele ua like ia me ka mea o ka optical sludge concentration meter. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea ʻelua, ʻo ia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka manaʻo SS i ana ʻia e ka mika kuʻekuʻe sludge, no laila hoʻohana ʻo ia i ke kumu o ka absorption māmā, ʻoiai ʻo ka SS i ana ʻia e ka mika turbidity ka haʻahaʻa. No laila, ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loina o ka hoʻopuehu māmā a me ke ana ʻana i ka ʻāpana hoʻopuehu o ka mālamalama e hele ana i ka wai i ana ʻia, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka turbidity o ka wai.
ʻO ka turbidity ka hopena o ka pilina ma waena o ka māmā a me nā ʻāpana paʻa i loko o ka wai. ʻO ka nui o ka turbidity pili i nā mea e like me ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana haumia i loko o ka wai a me ka hopena refractive index o ka mālamalama. No laila, ke kiʻekiʻe ka ʻike o nā mea paʻa paʻa i loko o ka wai, maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona turbidity, akā ʻaʻohe pilina pololei ma waena o nā mea ʻelua. I kekahi manawa like ka maʻiʻo paʻa paʻa, akā ma muli o nā waiwai like ʻole o nā mea paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻokoʻa loa nā kumukūʻai turbidity i ana ʻia. No laila, inā he nui nā mea haumia i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wai, pono e hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano o ke ana ʻana i ka SS e hōʻike pono i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haumia wai a i ʻole ka nui o nā haumia.
Pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā mea aniani a pau e pili ana i ka wai me ka waika hydrochloric a i ʻole surfactant. Pono ʻole nā laʻana wai no ke ana ʻāhuehue me ka ʻōpala a me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a pono e hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā ʻōmole aniani i pani ʻia a ana ʻia i ka wā hiki loa ma hope o ka laʻana. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūikawā, hiki ke mālamaʻia ma kahi pōʻeleʻele ma 4 ° C no kahi manawa pōkole, a hiki i nā hola 24, a pono e hoʻoluliluli ikaika a hoʻihoʻiʻia i ka mahana wela ma mua o ke ana.
37. He aha ke kala o ka wai?
ʻO ka chromaticity o ka wai he kuhikuhi i kuhikuhi ʻia i ke ana ʻana i ke kala o ka wai. ʻO ka chromaticity i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai e pili ana i ke kala maoli o ka wai, ʻo ia hoʻi, pili wale ia i ke kala i hana ʻia e nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hāpana wai. No laila, ma mua o ke ana ʻana, pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa, centrifuged, a i ʻole kānana ʻia me ka membrane filter 0.45 μm e wehe i ka SS, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pepa kānana no ka mea hiki i ka pepa kānana ke komo i kahi ʻāpana o ke kala o ka wai.
ʻO ka hopena i ana ʻia ma ka laʻana kumu me ka kānana ʻole a centrifugation ʻo ia ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻike ʻia o ka wai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kala i hana ʻia e ka hui ʻana o nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole hiki ke ana ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻike ʻia o ka wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano platinum-cobalt colorimetric e ana i ke kala maoli. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻano e like me ka hohonu, ka hue, a me ka ʻikea ma nā huaʻōlelo, a laila ana ʻia me ke ʻano dilution factor. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hopena i ana ʻia me ka platinum-cobalt colorimetric me nā waiwai colorimetric i ana ʻia me ka dilution multiple method.
38. He aha nā ʻano no ke ana kala?
ʻElua ala no ke ana ʻana i ka colorimetry: platinum-cobalt colorimetry a me dilution multiple method (GB11903-1989). Pono e hoʻohana kūʻokoʻa nā ʻano ʻelua, a ʻaʻole like nā hopena i ana ʻia. He kūpono ke ʻano platinum-cobalt colorimetric no ka wai maʻemaʻe, ka wai haumia māmā a me ka wai melemele iki, a me ka wai maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe, ka wai lepo, ka wai inu a me ka wai i hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia, a me ka wai i hoʻohana hou ʻia ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka lepo. Hoʻohana maʻamau ka wai ʻōpala ʻoihana a me ka wai i hoʻohaumia nui ʻia i ke ʻano dilution e hoʻoholo ai i ko lākou kala.
ʻO ke ʻano platinum-cobalt colorimetric ka waihoʻoluʻu o 1 mg o Pt (IV) a me 2 mg o cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate i loko o 1 L o ka wai ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana kala hoʻokahi, i kapa ʻia ʻo 1 degere. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o 1 ʻāpana colorimetric maʻamau e hoʻohui i ka 0.491mgK2PtCl6 a me 2.00mgCoCl2?6H2O i 1L o ka wai, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo platinum a me ka maʻamau cobalt. Hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻāpana colorimetric maʻamau ka papalua o ka platinum a me ka cobalt maʻamau. No ka mea he pipiʻi ka pāhare chlorocobaltate, hoʻohana mau ʻia ʻo K2Cr2O7 a me CoSO4?7H2O no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi hopena maʻamau colorimetric pani ma kekahi ʻāpana a me nā pae hana. I ke ana kala, e hoohalike i ka laana wai e ana me ka moo o na ha'ina ma'amau o na waihooluu like ole e loaa ke kala o ka laana wai.
ʻO ke ʻano kumu hoʻoheheʻe ʻo ia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hāpana wai me ka wai maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe a aneane ʻole ka waihoʻoluʻu a laila hoʻoneʻe i loko o kahi paipu colorimetric. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hohonu o ka waihoʻoluʻu me ka wai maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe kolamu wai like ma ke ʻano keʻokeʻo. Inā ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻokoʻa, e hoʻoheheʻe hou a hiki i ka hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia ke kala, ʻo ka dilution factor o ka hāpana wai i kēia manawa ʻo ia ka waiwai e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika kala o ka wai, a ʻo ka ʻāpana he mau manawa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻOkakopa-19-2023
