56. He aha nā ʻano hana e ana i ka ʻaila?
ʻO ka ʻaila he hui paʻakikī i haku ʻia me nā alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons a me nā mea liʻiliʻi o ka sulfur a me ka nitrogen oxides. Ma nā kūlana maikaʻi o ka wai, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona toxicological a me ka hōʻailona sensory kanaka no ka pale ʻana i ke ola wai, no ka mea, he hopena nui ka petroleum i ke ola wai. Aia ka ʻaila i loko o ka wai ma waena o 0.01 a me 0.1mg/L, e hoʻopilikia ia i ka hānai ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā mea ola wai. No laila, ʻaʻole pono e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wai lawaiʻa o koʻu ʻāina ma mua o 0.05 mg/L, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kūlana wai irrigation mahiʻai ma mua o 5.0 mg/L, a ʻaʻole pono e ʻoi aku ke kūlana lua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai i ka 10 mg/L. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻaila o ka wai i loko o ka pahu aeration ma mua o 50mg/L.
Ma muli o ke ʻano paʻakikī a me nā waiwai like ʻole o ka ʻaila, i hui pū ʻia me nā palena i nā ʻano analytical, paʻakikī ke hoʻokumu i kahi maʻamau i hoʻohui ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻaila i loko o ka wai ma mua o 10 mg/L, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano gravimetric no ka hoʻoholo ʻana. ʻO ka hemahema ʻo ia ka paʻakikī o ka hana a nalowale ka ʻaila māmā i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ka petroleum ether a maloʻo. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻaila ʻaila i loko o ka wai he 0.05 ~ 10 mg/L, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka photometry infrared non-dispersive, infrared spectrophotometry a me ultraviolet spectrophotometry no ke ana ʻana. ʻO ka photometry infrared non-dispersive a me ka photometry infrared ka pae aupuni no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka aila. (GB/T16488-1996). Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo UV spectrophotometry no ka nānā ʻana i nā hydrocarbons ʻala a ʻona. E pili ana ia i nā mea hiki ke unuhi ʻia e ka petroleum ether a loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona absorption i nā lōʻihi nalu kikoʻī. ʻAʻole i komo nā ʻano ʻaila a pau.
57. He aha nā mea e mālama ai no ke ana ʻaila?
ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i hoʻohana ʻia e ka dispersive infrared photometry a me ka infrared photometry he carbon tetrachloride a i ʻole trichlorotrifluoroethane, a ʻo ka mea hoʻoneʻe i hoʻohana ʻia e ke ʻano gravimetric a me ka spectrophotometry ultraviolet he petroleum ether. He mea ʻawaʻawa kēia mau mea hoʻoheheʻe a pono e mālama ʻia me ka akahele a i loko o kahi pahu hau.
ʻO ka aila maʻamau ka petroleum ether a i ʻole carbon tetrachloride extract mai ka wai ʻino e nānā ʻia. I kekahi manawa hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā huahana aila maʻamau ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole n-hexadecane, isooctane a me benzene hiki ke hoʻohana e like me ka ratio o 65:25:10. Hana ʻia e ka ratio leo. ʻO ka petroleum ether i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻili ʻana i ka ʻaila maʻamau, ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā pihi aila maʻamau a me ke ana ʻana i nā laʻana wai ʻōpala e pono mai ka helu pūʻulu like, i ʻole e hiki mai nā hewa ʻōnaehana ma muli o nā kumu waiwai ʻokoʻa.
Pono ka laʻana kaʻawale i ke ana ʻana i ka ʻaila. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōmole aniani waha ākea no ka ʻōmole laʻana. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōmole palaki, a ʻaʻole hiki i ka hāpana wai ke hoʻopiha i ka ʻōmole laʻana, a aia kahi āpau ma luna. Inā ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā ʻia ka laʻana wai i ka lā hoʻokahi, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka waika hydrochloric a i ʻole sulfuric acid e hana i ka waiwai pH.<2 to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and stored in a 4oc refrigerator. piston on separatory funnel cannot be coated with oily grease such as vaseline.
58. He aha nā hōʻailona o ka maikaʻi o ka wai no nā metala kaumaha maʻamau a me nā mea ʻona a me nā mea ʻino?
ʻO nā metala kaumaha maʻamau a me nā mea ʻona a me nā mea ʻino i loko o ka wai ka nui o ka mercury, cadmium, chromium, lead and sulfide, cyanide, fluoride, arsenic, selenium, etc. . nā hōʻailona kino. Aia ka National Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996) i nā hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi no nā hōʻailona hoʻokuʻu wai ʻino i loko o kēia mau mea.
No nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai i loko o ka wai e komo mai ana i kēia mau mea, pono e hoʻāʻo pono ʻia ka ʻike o kēia mau mea ʻawaʻawa a me nā mea ʻino i loko o ka wai e komo mai ana a me ka effluent o ka pahu sedimentation lua e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu. I ka manawa e ʻike ʻia ai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai a i ʻole ka wai i ka maʻamau, pono e hana koke ʻia e hōʻoia i ka hiki koke ʻana o ka wai i ka maʻamau ma o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻāpana hana hoʻōla wai. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka luawai lua, ʻo ka sulfide a me ka cyanide nā hōʻailona maʻamau ʻelua o ka maikaʻi o ka wai o nā mea ʻona a me nā mea ʻino.
59. Ehia mau ano sulfide i loko o ka wai?
ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka sulfur i loko o ka wai he sulfates, sulfides a me nā sulfides organik. Ma waena o lākou, ʻekolu mau ʻano sulfide: H2S, HS- a me S2-. Pili ka nui o kēlā me kēia ʻano i ka waiwai pH o ka wai. Ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pH ma mua o 8, aia ka nui ma ke ʻano o H2S. Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pH ma mua o 8, aia ka nui ma ke ʻano o HS- a me S2-. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka sulfide i loko o ka wai e hōʻike pinepine ana ua haumia ia. ʻO ka wai ʻōpala i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai kekahi mau ʻoihana, ʻoi aku ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila, loaʻa pinepine i kahi nui o ka sulfide. Ma lalo o ka hana anaerobic bacteria, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka sulfate i loko o ka wai i sulfide.
Pono e nānā pono ʻia ka ʻikena sulfide o ka ʻōpala mai nā ʻāpana kūpono o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai i mea e pale ai i ka make ʻana o ka hydrogen sulfide. ʻOi loa no ka wai inlet a me waho o ka hui desulfurization wehe ʻia, hōʻike pololei ka ʻike sulfide i ka hopena o ka ʻāpana wehe a he hōʻailona hoʻomalu. I mea e pale aku ai i ka nui o ka sulfide i loko o nā kino wai maoli, ua ʻōlelo ke kūlana hoʻokuʻu wai ʻino holoʻokoʻa ākea ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka sulfide ma mua o 1.0mg/L. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau aerobic lua o ka wai, inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka sulfide i loko o ka wai e hiki mai ana ma lalo o 20mg/L, ʻoi aku ka ikaika Inā maikaʻi ka hana ʻana o ka lepo a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke koena o ka lepo i ka manawa, hiki i ka mea sulfide i loko o ka wai sedimentation lua. hiki i ka hae. Pono e kiaʻi mau ʻia ka ʻike sulfide o ka effluent mai ka lua sedimentation tank e nānā i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka effluent i nā kūlana a hoʻoholo pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i nā ʻāpana hana.
60. ʻEhia mau ʻano hana maʻamau no ka ʻike ʻana i ka sulfide i loko o ka wai?
ʻO nā ʻano hana maʻamau no ka ʻike ʻana i ka sulfide i loko o ka wai, ʻo ia ka methylene blue spectrophotometry, p-amino N, N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry, iodometric method, ion electrode method, etc. Photometry (GB/T16489-1996) a me ka spectrophotometry kala pololei (GB/T17133-1997). ʻO nā palena ʻike o kēia mau ʻano ʻelua he 0.005mg/L a me 0.004mg/l. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia ka hāpana wai, I kēia hihia, ʻo ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa he 0.7mg/L a me 25mg/L. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka sulfide i ana ʻia e ka p-amino N,N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry (CJ/T60–1999) he 0.05~0.8mg/L. No laila, kūpono wale ke ʻano spectrophotometry ma luna no ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻike haʻahaʻa sulfide. Waiwai. Ke kiʻekiʻe ka manaʻo o ka sulfide i ka wai ʻino, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano iodometric (HJ/T60-2000 a me CJ/T60–1999). ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻike iodometric ʻo 1 ~ 200mg/L.
Ke hoʻopuehu, waihoʻoluʻu, a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa e like me SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, a me thioethers, e hoʻopilikia nui ia i ke ana a koi ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale mua ʻana e hoʻopau i ke keakea. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau ma mua o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ʻo ka acidification-stripping-absorption. Kānāwai. ʻO ka loina ma hope o ka hoʻokahe ʻia ʻana o ka wai hāpana, aia ka sulfide i loko o ka mokuʻāina H2S molecular i loko o ka hopena acidic, a puhi ʻia me ke kinoea, a laila hoʻomoʻa ʻia e ka wai absorption, a laila ana ʻia.
ʻO ke ala kikoʻī e hoʻohui mua i ka EDTA i ka laʻana wai i mea paʻakikī a hoʻopaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā ion metala (e like me Cu2+, Hg2+, Ag+, Fe3+) e pale aku i ka hoʻopili ʻia e ka hopena ma waena o kēia mau ion metala a me nā ion sulfide; e hoʻohui pū i ka nui kūpono o ka hydroxylamine hydrochloride, hiki ke pale pono i nā hopena o ka hoʻemi ʻana i waena o nā mea oxidizing a me nā sulfides i nā ʻano wai. I ka puhi ʻana iā H2S mai ka wai, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana me ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻoulu ʻole ʻana. Hiki ke hiki i ka 100% ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka sulfide ma lalo o ka hoʻoulu ʻana no 15 mau minuke. Ke ʻoi aku ka manawa o ka wehe ʻana ma lalo o ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma mua o 20 mau minuke, e emi iki ka helu hoʻihoʻi. No laila, lawe ʻia ka wehe ʻana ma lalo o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a ʻo ka manawa wehe ʻana he 20 mau minuke. Ke 35-55oC ka mahana ʻauʻau wai, hiki i ka helu hoʻihoʻi sulfide ke hiki i 100%. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana ʻauʻau wai ma luna o 65oC, e emi iki ka helu hoʻihoʻi sulfide. No laila, koho ʻia ka mahana ʻauʻau wai maikaʻi loa he 35 a 55oC.
61. He aha nā mea e mālama ai no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka sulfide?
⑴ Ma muli o ka paʻa ʻole o ka sulfide i loko o ka wai, i ka wā e hōʻiliʻili ai i nā laʻana wai, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka wahi hoʻohālike. Ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka hopena zinc acetate i ka manawa e lilo ia i mea hoʻokuʻu zinc sulfide. Ke ʻakika ka hāpana wai, pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka hopena alkaline e pale ai i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka hydrogen sulfide. Ke piha ka hāpana wai, pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻōmole a hoʻouna ʻia i ke keʻena hana no ka nānā ʻana i ka hiki.
⑵ ʻAʻohe mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka nānā ʻana, pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻia nā laʻana wai no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke keakea a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pae ʻike. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waihoʻoluʻu, nā mea paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, thioethers a me nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana. Hiki i nā ala e hoʻopau ai i ka interference o kēia mau mea ke hoʻohana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ua, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ea, ka hoʻololi ion, etc.
⑶ ʻAʻole hiki i ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea hoʻonā reagent ke komo i nā ion metala kaumaha e like me Cu2+ a me Hg2+, inā ʻaʻole e emi ka hopena o ka nānā ʻana ma muli o ka hana ʻana o nā sulfide hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi i ka waikawa. No laila, mai hoʻohana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe i loaʻa mai nā mea hoʻoheheʻe metala. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai deionized. A i ʻole ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ke aniani aniani.
⑷Pēlā, ʻo ka nui o nā metala koʻikoʻi i loko o ka solution absorption zinc acetate e hoʻopilikia pū i nā hopena ana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohui i 1mL o ka solution 0.05mol/L sodium sulfide hou i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i ka 1L o ka zinc acetate absorption solution ma lalo o ka lulu ʻana, a waiho i ka pō. , a huli a lulu, a laila kānana me ka pepa kānana quantitative maikaʻi, a hoʻolei i ka kānana. Hiki i kēia ke hoʻopau i ke keʻakeʻa ʻana o nā metala kaumaha i ka hoʻonā absorption.
⑸ ʻAʻole paʻa loa ka hopena maʻamau o ka sodium sulfide. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻololi. Pono e hoʻomākaukau a calibrated koke ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana. ʻO ka ʻili o ka kristal sodium sulfide i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hopena maʻamau i loaʻa pinepine i ka sulfite, kahi e hoʻopiʻi hewa ai. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kristal nui a holoi koke iā lākou me ka wai e wehe i ka sulfite ma mua o ke kaupaona ʻana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-04-2023
