1. He aha nā hōʻailona kino nui o ka wai ʻino?
⑴Ka wela: He hopena nui ka mahana o ka wai ʻino i ke kaʻina hana wai ʻino. Hoʻopili pololei ka mahana i ka hana o nā microorganisms. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka mahana o ka wai i nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe kaona ma waena o 10 a 25 degere Celsius. ʻO ka mahana o ka wai ʻino ʻoihana pili i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai ʻino.
⑵ Ka waihoʻoluʻu: ʻO ke kala o ka wai ʻino e pili ana i ka ʻike o nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā mea paʻa paʻa a i ʻole nā mea colloidal i loko o ka wai. He ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. Inā i loko o kahi kūlana anaerobic, e lilo ka kala i ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. ʻOkoʻa nā kala o ka wai ʻino ʻoihana. He ʻeleʻele ka wai ʻōpala hana pepa, ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele ka wai ʻōpala palaoa a ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, a he uliuli-ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka wai ʻōpala electroplating.
⑶ ʻAla: ʻO ka ʻala o ka wai ʻino ke kumu o nā mea hoʻohaumia i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe hale a i ʻole ka wai ʻino ʻoihana. Hiki ke hoʻoholo pololei ʻia ke ʻano o ka wai ʻino ma ka honi ʻana i ka ʻala. He ʻala ʻala koʻu wai hou o ke kūlanakauhale. Inā ʻike ʻia ka ʻala o nā hua popopo, hōʻike pinepine ʻia ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻōpala e hana i ke kinoea hydrogen sulfide. Pono nā mea hana e mālama pono i nā kānāwai anti-virus i ka wā e hana ai.
⑷ Turbidity: He hōʻailona ka turbidity e wehewehe ana i ka helu o nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wai ʻino. Hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia e ka mika turbidity, akā ʻaʻole hiki i ka turbidity ke hoʻololi pololei i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea paʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia no ka mea ke keʻakeʻa nei ke kala i ka ʻike ʻana o ka turbidity.
⑸ Conductivity: ʻO ka conductivity i loko o ka wai ʻōpala e hōʻike maʻamau i ka helu o nā ion inorganic i loko o ka wai, kahi pili pili i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea inorganic i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai e komo mai ana. Inā piʻi nui ka conductivity, he hōʻailona pinepine ia o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai ʻino.
⑹Mea paʻa: ʻO ke ʻano (SS, DS, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea paʻa i loko o ka wai ʻino e hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka wai ʻino a he mea pono hoʻi no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaʻina hana.
⑺ Precipitability: Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā haumia i loko o ka wai ʻōpala i ʻehā ʻano: dissolved, colloidal, free and precipitable. ʻO nā mea mua ʻekolu ʻaʻole hiki ke kau. ʻO nā mea haumia hiki ke hōʻike i nā mea e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o 30 mau minuke a i ʻole 1 hola.
2. He aha nā hōʻailona kemika o ka wai ʻino?
Nui nā hōʻailona kemika o ka wai ʻino, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻehā mau ʻāpana: ① Nā hōʻailona maikaʻi o ka wai maʻamau, e like me ka pH waiwai, paʻakikī, alkalinity, koena chlorine, nā anion a me nā cations, etc.; ② Nā hōʻailona maʻiʻo organik, koi ka oxygen biochemical BOD5, koi oxygen kemika CODCr, ka nui o ka oxygen koi TOD a me ka huina carbon carbon TOC, etc.; ③ Nā hōʻailona meaʻai mea kanu, e like me ka ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, phosphate, etc.; ④ Nā hōʻailona meaʻawaʻawa, e like me ka petroleum, nā metala kaumaha, nā cyanides, sulfides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nā pūhui organik chlorinated a me nā pesticides like ʻole, etc.
I loko o nā mea kanu lapaʻau like ʻole, pono e hoʻoholo ʻia nā papahana loiloi kūpono no kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka maikaʻi o ka wai ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka nui o nā mea haumia i ka wai e komo mai ana.
3. He aha nā hōʻailona kemika nui e pono ke kālailai ʻia i nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai?
ʻO nā hōʻailona kemika nui e pono e nānā ʻia i nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻamau e like me kēia:
⑴ Waiwai pH: Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka waiwai pH ma ke ana ʻana i ka ʻono o ka hydrogen i loko o ka wai. He koʻikoʻi ko ka pH waiwai i ka mālama olaola o ka wai ʻino, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hopena nitrification i ka waiwai pH. Aia ma waena o 6 a me 8 ka pH waiwai o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe kūlanakauhale. No ka wai ʻino ʻoihana i loaʻa nā mea ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole alkaline, pono ka mālama ʻana i ka neutralization ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana mālama ola.
⑵Alkalinity: Hiki i ka alkalinity ke hōʻike i ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka wai i ka wai i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana. Inā he alkalinity kiʻekiʻe ka wai ʻōpala, hiki iā ia ke pale i nā loli i ka waiwai pH a paʻa i ka waiwai pH. Hōʻike ka alkaline i ka ʻike o nā mea i loko o kahi laʻana wai e hui pū me nā ion hydrogen i loko o nā waikawa ikaika. Hiki ke ana ʻia ka nui o ka alkalinity e ka nui o ka waikawa ikaika i hoʻopau ʻia e ka hāpana wai i ka wā o ke kaʻina titration.
⑶CODCr: ʻO CODCr ka nui o nā mea ola i loko o ka wai ʻino i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka potassium dichromate oxidant ikaika, i ana ʻia i ka mg/L o ka oxygen.
⑷BOD5: ʻO BOD5 ka nui o ka oxygen e pono ai no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o nā mea ola i loko o ka wai ʻino, a he hōʻailona ia o ka biodegradability o ka wai ʻino.
⑸Nitrogen: Ma nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai, nā hoʻololi a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻike o ka nitrogen e hāʻawi i nā ʻāpana no ke kaʻina hana. He kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo o ka nitrogen organik a me ka naikokene amonia i loko o ka wai e komo mai ana o nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ʻoiai he haʻahaʻa ka ʻike o ka nitrate nitrogen a me ka nitrite nitrogen. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka naikokene amonia i loko o ka pahu sedimentation mua e hōʻike ana ua lilo ka lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i anaerobic, ʻoiai ka piʻi ʻana o ka nitrogen nitrate a me ka nitrite nitrogen i loko o ka pahu sedimentation lua e hōʻike ana ua hiki mai ka nitrification. He 20 a hiki i ka 80 mg/L ka maʻiʻo o ka naikokene i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe hale, ʻo ia ka 8 a hiki i ka 35 mg/L, ʻo ia ka 12 a hiki i ka 50 mg/L, a he haʻahaʻa loa nā mea i loko o ka nitrogen nitrate a me ka nitrite nitrogen. ʻOkoʻa nā mea i loko o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe organik, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen a me nitrite nitrogen i loko o ka wai ʻōpala ʻoihana ʻokoʻa mai ka wai a i ka wai. He haʻahaʻa loa ka maʻiʻo nitrogen i loko o kekahi wai ʻino. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau olaola, pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka mea kanu nitrogen e hoʻohui i ka ʻiʻo nitrogen i koi ʻia e nā microorganism. , a ke kiʻekiʻe loa ka maʻiʻo nitrogen i loko o ka effluent, pono ka mālama denitrification e pale i ka eutrophication i loko o ke kino wai e loaʻa ai.
⑹ Phosphorus: ʻO ka maʻiʻo phosphorus i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe olaola ma ke ʻano he 2 a 20 mg/L, ʻo ia ka phosphorus organik 1 a 5 mg/L a ʻo ka phosphorus inorganic he 1 a 15 mg/L. ʻOkoʻa loa ka ʻike o ka phosphorus i loko o ka wai ʻōpala ʻoihana. He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa ka phosphorus i kekahi wai ʻōpala ʻoihana. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau olaola, pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka fertilizer phosphate e hoʻohui i ka ʻike phosphorus i koi ʻia e nā microorganism. Ke kiʻekiʻe loa ka maʻiʻo phosphorus i loko o ka effluent, pono ka mālama ʻana i ka phosphorus e pale i ka eutrophication i loko o ke kino wai.
⑺Petroleum: ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hapa nui o ka ʻaila i loko o ka wai a lana i ka wai. ʻO ka aila i loko o ka wai e hiki mai ana e hoʻopili i ka hopena o ka oxygenation a hoʻemi i ka hana microbial i loko o ka sludge i hana ʻia. ʻAʻole pono e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻaila o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe hui ʻia i loko o ka hale mālama olaola ma mua o 30 a 50 mg/L.
⑻Metala kaumaha: ʻO nā metala koʻikoʻi i loko o ka wai ʻino ka mea nui i loaʻa mai ka wai ʻino ʻoihana a he mea ʻawaʻawa loa. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai. Pono lākou e mālama ʻia ma ka pūnaewele ma ka hale hana hoʻokuʻu no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu ʻāina ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana wai. Inā piʻi ka nui o ka metala kaumaha i loko o ka effluent mai ka hale hoʻoheheʻe wai, hōʻike pinepine ia he pilikia me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua.
⑼ Sulfide: Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka sulfide i loko o ka wai i ka 0.5mg/L, he ʻala ʻino ia o nā hua popopo a he ʻino ia, a i kekahi manawa e make ai ka hydrogen sulfide.
⑽Ke koena chlorine: I ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka chlorine no ka disinfection, i mea e hōʻoia ai i ka hana hou ʻana o nā microorganisms i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana, ʻo ke koena chlorine i loko o ka effluent (me ka chlorine koena manuahi a me ke koena chlorine hui pū ʻia) ʻo ia ka hōʻailona o ke kaʻina hana disinfection, ka mea maʻamau e hana. ʻaʻole ma mua o 0.3mg/L.
4. He aha nā hōʻailona microbial o ka wai ʻino?
ʻO nā hōʻailona olaola o ka wai ʻino ka nui o nā bacteria, ka helu o ka coliform bacteria, nā microorganism pathogenic like ʻole a me nā maʻi virus, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kēia e nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu wai ʻāina pili. ʻAʻole ʻike a mālama nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai i nā hōʻailona olaola i loko o ka wai e komo mai ana, akā pono ka disinfection ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka wai i mālama ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka haumia o nā kino wai e loaʻa ana i ka wai i mālama ʻia. Inā mālama ʻia a hoʻohana hou ʻia ka luawai lāʻau lapaʻau lua, ʻoi aku ka pono o ka disinfect ma mua o ka hoʻohana hou ʻana.
⑴ Ka huina o ka hua bacteria: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka huina o ka bacteria ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona e loiloi i ka maʻemaʻe o ka maikaʻi o ka wai a nānā i ka hopena o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā maʻi bacteria e hōʻike ana he maikaʻi ka hopena disinfection o ka wai, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike pololei i ka pōʻino o ke kino o ke kanaka. Pono e hui pū ʻia me ka helu o nā fecal coliforms e hoʻoholo ai i ka palekana o ka wai no ke kino o ke kanaka.
⑵Number of coliforms: ʻO ka helu o nā coliforms i loko o ka wai hiki ke hōʻike pololei i ka hiki ke loaʻa i ka wai nā huakini ʻōpū (e like me ka typhoid, dysentery, cholera, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), a no laila e lilo ia i hōʻailona maʻemaʻe e hōʻoia i ke olakino kanaka. Ke hoʻohana hou ʻia ka ʻōpala ma ke ʻano he wai like ʻole a i ʻole ka wai ʻāina, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia me ke kino kanaka. I kēia manawa, pono e ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā fecal coliforms.
⑶ ʻO nā microorganism pathogenic like ʻole a me nā maʻi maʻi: Nui nā maʻi viral hiki ke lawe ʻia ma o ka wai. No ka laʻana, aia nā maʻi maʻi hepaʻa, polio a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe i loko o ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka, komo i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe hale ma o nā feces o ka mea maʻi, a laila e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka hale hoʻopaʻa wai. . He palena palena ko ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai e wehe i kēia mau maʻi. Ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka wai i mālama ʻia, inā loaʻa i ka waiwai hoʻohana o ke kino wai e loaʻa nā koi kūikawā no kēia mau microorganisms pathogenic a me nā maʻi virus, pono ka disinfection a me ka hoʻāʻo.
5. He aha nā hōʻailona maʻamau e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike o ka mea ola i loko o ka wai?
Ma hope o ke komo ʻana o ka mea ola i loko o ke kino wai, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a decomposed ma lalo o ka hana a nā microorganisms, e hoʻemi mālie i ka oxygen dissolved i ka wai. Ke holo wikiwiki ka oxidation a ʻaʻole hiki i ke kino wai ke komo i ka oxygen mai ka lewa i ka manawa e hoʻopiha ai i ka oxygen i pau, hiki ke hāʻule haʻahaʻa loa ka oxygen dissolved i loko o ka wai (e like me ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 3 ~ 4mg / L), e pili ana i ka wai. nā mea kino. pono no ka ulu maʻamau. I ka pau ʻana o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai, hoʻomaka ka mea organik i ka anaerobic digestion, hana i ka ʻala a pili i ka maʻemaʻe o ke kaiapuni.
No ka mea, ʻo ka mea olaola i loko o ka ʻōpala he hui paʻakikī loa o nā ʻāpana he nui, he paʻakikī ke hoʻoholo i nā waiwai nui o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻohana mau ʻia kekahi mau hōʻailona piha e hōʻike pololei ʻole i ka ʻike o ka mea ola i loko o ka wai. ʻElua ʻano o nā hōʻailona piha e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike o ka mea ola i loko o ka wai. ʻO kekahi mea hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia i ka koi oxygen (O2) e like me ka nui o nā mea olaola i loko o ka wai, e like me ka biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), a me ka huina oxygen demand (TOD). ; ʻO ke ʻano ʻē aʻe ka hōʻailona i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kalapona (C), e like me ka huina kalapona organik TOC. No nā ʻano wai hoʻoheheʻe like, ʻokoʻa nā kumukūʻai o kēia mau hōʻailona. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho o nā waiwai helu ʻo TOD>CODCr>BOD5>TOC
6. He aha ka huina kalapona organik?
ʻO ka Total Organic Carbon TOC (pōkole no Total Organic Carbon ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania) he hōʻailona piha e hōʻike pololei ʻole i ka ʻike o ka mea ola i loko o ka wai. ʻO ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia, ʻo ia ka huina kalapona o nā mea ola i loko o ka ʻōpala, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana ma mg/L o ke kalapona (C). . ʻO ke kumu o ke ana ʻana i ka TOC, ʻo ia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana i ka hāpana wai, e hoʻohana i ka nitrogen e puhi i ka carbonate i loko o ka laʻana wai e hoʻopau i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana, a laila e hoʻokomo i kahi nui o ka wai hāpana i loko o ke kahe o ka oxygen me kahi ʻike oxygen ʻike, a hoʻouna i loko. he paipu kila platinum. Hoʻopau ʻia ia i loko o kahi paipu puhi quartz ma ke ʻano he catalyst ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 900oC a 950oC. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea nānā kino infrared non-dispersive no ke ana ʻana i ka nui o CO2 i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻopau ʻana, a laila helu ʻia ka ʻike kalapona, ʻo ia ka huina o ka carbon carbon TOC (no nā kikoʻī, e ʻike i ka GB13193–91). He mau minuke wale no ke ana ana.
Hiki i ka TOC o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe kūlanakauhale maʻamau ke hiki i 200mg/L. ʻO ka TOC o ka wai ʻōpala ʻenehana he ākea ākea, me ka mea kiʻekiʻe a hiki i nā ʻumi kaukani mg/L. ʻO ka TOC o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i nā olaola lua<50mg> 7. He aha ka huina oxygen koi?
ʻO ka nui o ka oxygen koi TOD (pōkole no ka Total Oxygen Demand ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania) e pili ana i ka nui o ka oxygen e koi ʻia i ka wā e hoʻemi ʻia ai nā mea (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ola) i loko o ka wai i ke ahi i nā wela kiʻekiʻe a lilo i mau oxide paʻa. Ana ʻia ka hopena ma mg/L. Hiki i ka waiwai TOD ke hoʻohālikelike i ka oxygen i hoʻopau ʻia ke puhi ʻia nā mea ola a pau i loko o ka wai (me ka carbon C, hydrogen H, oxygen O, nitrogen N, phosphorus P, sulfur S, etc.) i ke ahi i CO2, H2O, NOx, SO2, etc. ka nui. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai TOD ma mua o ka waiwai CODCr. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo TOD i nā kūlana maikaʻi o ka wai ma koʻu ʻāina, akā hoʻohana wale ʻia i ka noiʻi kumu no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai.
ʻO ke kumu o ke ana ʻana i ka TOD, ʻo ia ke inject i kahi nui o ka wai hāpana i loko o ka oxygen kahe me ka ʻike oxygen maʻiʻo, a hoʻouna iā ia i loko o ka quartz combustion tube me ke kila platinum e like me ka catalyst, a puhi koke ia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 900oC. ʻO ka mea olaola i loko o ka laʻana wai ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia a hoʻopau i ka oxygen i ke kahe o ka oxygen. ʻO ka nui kumu o ka oxygen i loko o ka oxygen kahe e hoʻemi i ke koena oxygen ʻo ia ka huina o ka oxygen koi TOD. Hiki ke ana ʻia ka nui o ka oxygen i loko o ke kahe o ka oxygen me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes, no laila ke ana o TOD he mau minuke wale nō.
8. He aha ke koi o ka oxygen biochemical?
ʻO ka inoa piha o ka koi oxygen biochemical ka koi oxygen biochemical, ʻo ia ka Biochemical Oxygen Demand ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania a hoʻopau ʻia ʻo BOD. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma kahi mahana o 20oC a ma lalo o nā kūlana aerobic, ua hoʻopau ʻia i loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻokahe biochemical o nā microorganism aerobic decomposing mea ola i loko o ka wai. ʻO ka nui o ka oxygen dissolved ʻo ia ka nui o ka oxygen e pono ai e hoʻopaʻa i nā mea olaola biodegradable i loko o ka wai. ʻO ka ʻāpana he mg/L. ʻAʻole wale ka BOD i ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻopau ʻia e ka ulu ʻana, ka hana hou ʻana a i ʻole ka hanu ʻana o nā microorganism aerobic i loko o ka wai, akā pū kekahi me ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻopau ʻia e ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā mea inorganic e like me ka sulfide a me ka hao hao, akā ʻo ka hapa o kēia ʻāpana maʻamau. uuku loa. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai BOD, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kūlohelohe i loko o ka wai.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana aerobic, hoʻoheheʻe nā microorganism i nā mea ola i ʻelua mau kaʻina: ka pae oxidation o ka mea ola kalapona a me ka pae nitrification o nā mea organik i loko o ka nitrogen. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe o 20oC, ʻo ka manawa i koi ʻia no ka mea organik e oxidize i ka pae nitrification, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻokō i ka decomposition piha a me ke kūpaʻa, ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 mau lā. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka biochemical oxygen koi BOD20 o 20 mau lā ma 20oC e pili ana i ka koi biochemical oxygen piha. Ma nā noi hana, ua manaʻo ʻia he 20 mau lā lōʻihi loa, a ʻo ke koi ʻana o ka oxygen biochemical (BOD5) o 5 mau lā ma 20°C e hoʻohana mau ʻia i mea hōʻailona no ke ana ʻana i ka ʻike kūlohelohe o ka wai. Hōʻike ka ʻike e pili ana ka BOD5 o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe hale a me nā ʻano hana like ʻole ma kahi o 70 ~ 80% o ka biochemical oxygen koi BOD20.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka BOD5 no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ukana o nā mea kanu lapaʻau. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka waiwai BOD5 no ka helu ʻana i ka nui o ka oxygen e pono ai no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā mea organik i loko o ka wai ʻino. ʻO ka nui o ka oxygen e pono ai no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea ola kino i loko o ke kalapona hiki ke kapa ʻia he kalapona BOD5. Inā hoʻokahe hou ʻia, hiki i ka hopena nitrification ke hiki mai. ʻO ka nui o ka oxygen e koi ʻia e ka nitrifying bacteria e hoʻololi i ka nitrogen ammonia i loko o ka nitrogen nitrate a me ka nitrite nitrogen hiki ke kapa ʻia he nitrification. BOD5. Hiki i nā mea kanu lapaʻau lua lua ke wehe wale i ke kalapona BOD5, akā ʻaʻole i ka nitrification BOD5. Ma muli o ka hiki ʻole mai o ka hopena nitrification i ka wā o ke kaʻina mālama olaola o ka wehe ʻana i ke kalapona BOD5, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke ana o ka BOD5 ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka oxygen maoli o nā mea ola.
He lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke ana ʻana o BOD, a ʻo ke ana maʻamau ʻo BOD5 he 5 lā. No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia no ka loiloi hopena kaʻina a me ka hoʻomalu kaʻina hana lōʻihi. No kahi kahua lapa'au pono'ī, hiki ke ho'okumu 'ia ka pilina ma waena o BOD5 a me CODCr, a hiki ke ho'ohana 'ia ka CODCr no ke koho 'ana i ka waiwai BOD5 no ke alaka'i 'ana i ka ho'oponopono 'ana i ka hana lapa'au.
9. He aha ke koi ʻana o ka oxygen kemika?
ʻO ke koi oxygen kemika ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania ʻo Chemical Oxygen Demand. E pili ana i ka nui o ka oxidant i hoʻopau ʻia e ka pilina ma waena o nā mea ola i loko o ka wai a me nā oxidants ikaika (e like me ka potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, etc.) ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, i hoʻololi ʻia i oxygen. i ka mg/L.
Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka potassium dichromate e like me ka oxidant, kokoke i nā mea āpau (90% ~ 95%) o nā mea organik i loko o ka wai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. ʻO ka nui o ka oxidant i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa i hoʻololi ʻia i oxygen ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ke koi oxygen kemika, i hoʻopau pinepine ʻia ʻo CODCr (e ʻike i ka GB 11914–89 no nā ʻano loiloi kikoʻī). ʻO ka waiwai CODCr o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻaʻole wale nō ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka oxygen no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā mea ola a pau i loko o ka wai, akā pū kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka oxygen no ka hoʻoemi ʻana i nā mea inorganic e like me ka nitrite, nā paʻakai ferrous, a me nā sulfides i loko o ka wai.
10. He aha ke ʻano o ka potassium permanganate index (oxygen consumption)?
ʻO ke koi o ka oxygen kemika i ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka potassium permanganate ʻoiai ua kapa ʻia ka mea oxidant ʻo ka potassium permanganate index (e ʻike i ka GB 11892–89 no nā ʻano loiloi kikoʻī) a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka oxygen, ʻo ka ʻōlelo Pelekane ʻo CODMn a i ʻole OC, a ʻo ka ʻāpana he mg/L.
No ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka potassium permanganate ma mua o ka potassium dichromate, ʻo ke kumu kūʻai kikoʻī CODMn o ka huaʻōlelo potassium permanganate o ka hāpana wai hoʻokahi he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o kona waiwai CODCr, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki i ka CODMn ke hōʻike wale i ka mea ola a i ʻole mea ʻano. ka mea hiki ke oxidized i loko o ka wai. maʻiʻo. No laila, hoʻohana koʻu ʻāina, ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe he CODCr ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona holoʻokoʻa e kāohi ai i ka pollution mea ola, a hoʻohana wale i ka potassium permanganate index CODMn ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona e loiloi a nānā i ka ʻike o nā mea ola o nā kino wai. e like me ka wai kai, nā muliwai, nā loko, a me nā wai inu.
No ka mea, ʻaʻohe hopena oxidizing o ka potassium permanganate i nā mea ola e like me benzene, cellulose, organic acids, a me amino acids, ʻoiai hiki i ka potassium dichromate ke hoʻoheheʻe i kēia mau mea ola, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo CODCr e hōʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haumia o ka wai ʻino a me ka hoʻomalu. hoʻoheheʻe wai. ʻOi aku ka kūpono o nā ʻāpana o ka hana. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka maʻalahi a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka helu potassium permanganate CODMn, hoʻohana mau ʻia ʻo CODMn e hōʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pollution, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka nui o nā mea ola i loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe, ke loiloi i ka maikaʻi o ka wai.
11. Pehea e hoʻoholo ai i ka biodegradability o ka wai ʻino ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka BOD5 a me CODCr o ka wai ʻino?
Ke loaʻa i ka wai nā mea ʻawaʻawa ʻawaʻawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke ana pololei ʻia ka waiwai BOD5 i ka wai ʻino. Hiki i ka waiwai CODCr ke ana pono i ka maʻiʻo o nā mea ola i loko o ka wai, akā ʻaʻole hiki i ka waiwai CODCr ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā mea biodegradable a me nā mea biodegradable ʻole. Ua maʻa ka poʻe i ke ana ʻana i ka BOD5/CODCr o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kona biodegradability. Manaʻo maʻamau inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka BOD5/CODCr o ka lepo ma mua o 0.3, hiki ke mālama ʻia e ka biodegradation. Inā he haʻahaʻa ka BOD5/CODCr o ka wai ma mua o 0.2, hiki ke noʻonoʻo wale ʻia. E hoʻohana i nā ala ʻē aʻe e hana ai.
12. He aha ka pilina ma waena o BOD5 a me CODCr?
ʻO ke koi o ka oxygen biochemical (BOD5) e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka oxygen i koi ʻia i ka wā o ka decomposition biochemical o nā mea haumia organik i loko o ka wai. Hiki iā ia ke wehewehe pololei i ka pilikia ma ke ʻano biochemical. No laila, ʻaʻole ʻo BOD5 wale nō kahi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o ka wai, akā he hōʻailona hoʻi o ka biology sege. ʻO kahi hoʻohālikelike koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka wā e hana ai. Eia naʻe, pili pū ka BOD5 i kekahi mau palena i ka hoʻohana ʻana. ʻO ka mua, lōʻihi ka manawa ana (5 mau lā), ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo a alakaʻi i ka hana ʻana o nā lako hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai i ka manawa kūpono. ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe i nā kūlana no ka ulu ʻana o ka microbial a me ka hana hou ʻana (e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ola kino). ), ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia kona waiwai BOD5.
Hōʻike ʻo CODCr i ka ʻike o nā mea ola a pau a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā mea inorganic i loko o ka wai, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke wehewehe pololei i ka pilikia ma ke ʻano biochemical e like me ka biochemical oxygen koi BOD5. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka waiwai o ka oxygen koi CODCr waiwai o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe hiki ke hoʻoholo pololei i ka ʻike o ka wai i loko o ka wai, akā ʻaʻole hiki i ke koi oxygen kemika CODCr ke hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā mea olaola biodegradable a me nā mea organik non-biodegradable.
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka waiwai o ka oxygen koi CODCr ma mua o ka waiwai biochemical koi o ka oxygen BOD5, a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻike o nā mea ola i loko o ka wai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e nā microorganism. No ka wai hoʻoheheʻe me nā ʻāpana haumia paʻa, CODCr a me BOD5 maʻamau i loaʻa i kahi pilina kūlike a hiki ke helu ʻia mai kekahi i kekahi. Eia kekahi, emi ka manawa o ke ana o CODCr. Wahi a ke kaʻina hana maʻamau o ka reflux no 2 mau hola, he 3 a 4 mau hola wale nō mai ka laʻana a hiki i ka hopena, ʻoiai ke ana ʻana i ka waiwai BOD5 he 5 mau lā. No laila, i ka hana a me ka hoʻokele waiwai ʻana, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo CODCr ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona mana.
I mea e alakaʻi ai i nā hana hana i ka hikiwawe loa, ua hoʻokumu pū kekahi mau mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai i nā kūlana hui no ke ana ʻana i ka CODCr i reflux no 5 mau minuke. ʻOiai he hewa ka hopena i ana ʻia me ke ʻano maʻamau o ke aupuni, no ka mea he hewa ʻōnaehana ka hewa, hiki i nā hopena nānā mau ke hōʻike pololei i ka maikaʻi o ka wai. Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ke ʻano hoʻololi maoli o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai i ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 1 hola, e hāʻawi ana i kahi hōʻoia manawa no ka hoʻoponopono kūpono ʻana i nā ʻāpana hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai a me ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻololi koke ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai mai ka hopena i ka ʻōnaehana mālama wai. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka effluent mai ka mīkini hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai. Laki.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-14-2023
