Eia ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻāʻo:
1. ʻenehana kiaʻi no nā mea haumia ʻole
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻokolokolo hoʻohaumia wai me ka Hg, Cd, cyanide, phenol, Cr6+, etc., a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e ana ʻia e ka spectrophotometry. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hana mālama kaiapuni a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā lawelawe nānā, ʻaʻole hiki i ka naʻau a me ka pololei o nā ʻano loiloi spectrophotometric ke hoʻokō i nā koi o ka hoʻokele kaiapuni. No laila, ua hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻia nā ʻano mea hana a me nā ʻano hana loiloi holomua a koʻikoʻi.
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1.Atomic absorption a me nā ʻano fluorescence atomic
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke ahi, ka hydride atomic absorption, a me ka graphite furnace atomic absorption, a hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka hapa nui o nā mea metala ultra-trace i loko o ka wai.
Hiki i ka mea hana fluorescence atomic i kūkulu ʻia ma koʻu ʻāina ke ana i nā pūhui ʻewalu mau mea, As, Sb, Bi, Ge, Sn, Se, Te, a me Pb, i loko o ka wai. ʻO ka nānā ʻana o kēia mau mea hydride-prone he kiʻekiʻe ka naʻau a me ka pololei me ka haʻahaʻa matrix interference.
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Ua ulu wikiwiki ʻo Plasma emission spectrometry i nā makahiki i hala iho nei a ua hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoholo like ʻana o nā ʻāpana matrix i ka wai maʻemaʻe, nā metala a me nā substrates i ka wai ʻino, a me nā mea he nui i nā laʻana olaola. ʻO kona naʻau a me ka pololei ua like like ia me ke ʻano o ka flame atomic absorption method, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Hiki i hoʻokahi injection ke ana i 10 a 30 mau mea i ka manawa like.
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3. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka plasma spectrometry mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
ʻO ke ʻano ICP-MS kahi ʻano loiloi spectrometry nui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ICP ma ke kumu ionization. ʻO kona sensitivity he 2 a 3 mau kauoha o ka nui ma mua o ke ʻano ICP-AES. ʻOi loa ke ana ʻana i nā mea me ka helu nui ma luna o 100, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona naʻau ma mua o ka palena ʻike. Haʻahaʻa. Ua helu ʻo Iapana i ke ʻano ICP-MS ma ke ʻano he ʻano loiloi maʻamau no ka hoʻoholo ʻana o Cr6+, Cu, Pb, a me Cd i ka wai. ʻ
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4. Ion chromatography
He ʻenehana hou ka Ion chromatography no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ke ana ʻana i nā anion maʻamau a me nā cation i loko o ka wai. Loaʻa i ke ʻano ke koho maikaʻi a me ka naʻau. Hiki ke ana ʻia nā ʻāpana he nui i ka manawa like me hoʻokahi koho. Hiki ke ho'ohana 'ia ka mea 'ike conductivity a me ke kolamu ho'oka'awale anion no ka ho'oholo 'ana i ka F-, Cl-, Br-, SO32-, SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-; hiki ke hoʻohana i ke kolamu hoʻokaʻawale cation no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka NH4+, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka electrochemistry Hiki i ka mea ʻike ke ana i I-, S2-, CN- a me kekahi mau pūhui organik.
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5. Spectrophotometry a me ka ʻenehana loiloi hoʻoheheʻe kahe
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i kekahi mau hopena chromogenic koʻikoʻi a koho nui ʻia no ka hoʻoholo spectrophotometric o nā ion metala a me nā ion metala ʻole ke ʻimi nei. Loaʻa ka Spectrophotometry i kahi hapa nui i ka nānā maʻamau. He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hui pū ʻana i kēia mau ʻano me ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe kahe e hiki ke hoʻohui i nā hana kemika he nui e like me ka distillation, extraction, hoʻohui i nā reagents like ʻole, ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o ka kala a me ke ana. He ʻenehana hoʻopaʻa ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā laboratories. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā ʻōnaehana nānā pono pūnaewele no ka maikaʻi o ka wai. Loaʻa iā ia nā pōmaikaʻi o ka liʻiliʻi o ka laʻana, ka pololei kiʻekiʻe, ka wikiwiki o ka nānā ʻana, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā reagents, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā mea hana mai ka hana kino luhi, e like me ke ana ʻana i ka NO3-, NO2-, NH4 +, F-, CrO42-, Ca2 +, etc. i ka wai maikai. Loaʻa ka ʻenehana kahe kahe. ʻAʻole hiki i ka mea ʻike ke hoʻohana wale i ka spectrophotometry, akā pū kekahi atomic absorption, ion selective electrodes, etc.
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6. Valence a me ka hoʻopili palapala
Aia nā mea haumia ma nā ʻano like ʻole i loko o ke kaiapuni wai, a ʻokoʻa loa ko lākou ʻona i nā kaiaola wai a me nā kānaka. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka ʻona o Cr6+ ma mua o Cr3+, ʻoi aku ka ʻona o As3+ ma mua o As5+, a ʻoi aku ka ʻona o HgCl2 ma mua o HgS. ʻO nā kūlana maikaʻi o ka wai a me ka nānāʻana e kuhikuhi i ka hoʻoholoʻana o ka mercury a me ka alkyl mercury, hexavalent chromium a me ka huina chromium, Fe3+ a me Fe2+, NH4 + -N, NO2–N a me NO3–N. Hoʻomaopopo pū kekahi mau papahana i ke kūlana hiki ke kānana. a me ka huina nui ana, a pela aku. Ma ka noiʻi kaiapuni, i mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka pollution mechanism a me ka neʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā lula, ʻaʻole pono wale ke aʻo ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i ka valence adsorption state a me ka paʻakikī o nā mea inorganic, akā e aʻo pū i kā lākou oxidation. a me ka ho'ēmi 'ana i loko o ke kaiapuni (e like me ka nitrosation o ka nitrogen-containing compounds). , nitrification a denitrification, etc.) a me ka methylation biological a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā metala kaumaha i loaʻa i loko o ke ʻano kūlohelohe, e like me ke alakaʻi alkyl, alkyl tin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ke ʻike nui ʻia nei e ka poʻe ʻepekema kaiapuni. ʻO ka mea nui, ma hope o ka helu ʻia ʻana o ka triphenyl tin, tributyl tin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano he endocrine disruptors, ka nānā ʻana i nā metala kaumaha organik Ke ulu wikiwiki nei ka ʻenehana Analytical.
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2. ʻenehana kiaʻi no nā mea haumia organik
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1. Ka nānā 'ana i nā mea ola e ho'ohana ana i ka oxygen
Nui nā hōʻailona piha e hōʻike ana i ka haumia o nā kino wai e ka mea hoʻohana i ka oxygen, e like me ka permanganate index, CODCr, BOD5 (me nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa inorganic e like me ka sulfide, NH4 + -N, NO2–N a me NO3–N), ka nui o ka mea kalapona kalapona (TOC), ka huina o ka oxygen (TOD). Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau hōʻailona no ka mālama ʻana i ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino a loiloi i ka maikaʻi o ka wai. He pilina ko kēia mau hōʻailona me kekahi, akā ʻokoʻa ko lākou ʻano kino a paʻakikī ke hoʻololi kekahi i kekahi. No ka mea, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻohana i ka oxygen me ka maikaʻi o ka wai, ʻaʻole paʻa kēia pilina, akā ʻokoʻa loa. Ua oo ka ʻenehana nānā no kēia mau hōʻailona, akā ke ʻimi nei ka poʻe i nā ʻenehana loiloi hiki ke wikiwiki, maʻalahi, mālama manawa, a me ke kumu kūʻai. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ka mika COD wikiwiki a me ka microbial sensor wikiwiki BOD mika.
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2. ʻenehana ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka ʻano pollutant
Hoʻomaka ka nānā ʻana i nā mea haumia organik mai ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻāpana haumia organik. Ma muli o ka maʻalahi o nā mea hana, maʻalahi ke hana ma nā laboratories maʻamau. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, inā loaʻa nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i ka nānā ʻana i ka māhele, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻike hou a me ka nānā ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano mea organik. No ka laʻana, i ka nānā ʻana i ka adsorbable halogenated hydrocarbons (AOX) a ʻike ʻia ua ʻoi aku ka AOX ma mua o ka maʻamau, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana hou i ka GC-ECD no ka nānā hou ʻana e aʻo ai i nā pūhui hydrocarbon halogenated e hoʻohaumia ana, pehea ke ʻano o lākou, kahi i hele mai ai ka pollution, etc. .
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3. Ka nānā 'ana i nā mea haumia kino
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka pollutant organik i nā VOC, ka nānā ʻana o S-VOC a me ka nānā ʻana o nā pūhui kikoʻī. Hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano o ka wehe ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka GC-MS no ke ana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohuihui maʻemaʻe (VOC), a hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻili wai-wai a i ʻole micro-solid-phase extraction GC-MS no ke ana ʻana i nā pūhui organik semi-volatile (S-VOCs), ka mea. ʻo ia ka nānā ʻana i ka laulā ākea. E hoʻohana i ka chromatography kinoea e hoʻokaʻawale, e hoʻohana i ka mea ʻike ionization flame (FID), ka mea ʻike hopu uila (ECD), ka mea ʻike phosphorus nitrogen (NPD), ka ʻike kiʻi kiʻi (PID), a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻoholo ai i nā mea haumia ʻokoʻa; e hoʻohana i ka Chromatography (HPLC), ka mea ʻike ultraviolet (UV) a i ʻole ka mea ʻike fluorescence (RF) e hoʻoholo ai i ka polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, acid esters, phenols, etc.
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4. Ka nānā 'akomi a me ka 'ike loea ho'oku'u 'ana
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana nānā pono wai kūlohelohe ka nui o nā mea nānā maʻamau, e like me ka mahana o ka wai, ka waihoʻoluʻu, ka naʻau, ka oxygen dissolved, pH, conductivity, permanganate index, CODCr, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, etc. Ke hoʻokumu nei ko mākou ʻāina i ka wai aunoa nā ʻōnaehana kiaʻi maikaʻi ma kekahi mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka wai i mālama ʻia e ka ʻāina a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā hōʻike no ka maikaʻi o ka wai i kēlā me kēia pule ma ka pāpaho, he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai.
I loko o ka manawa "Nā ʻEiwa Makahiki" a me ka "Palaula ʻElima Makahiki ʻumi", e hoʻomalu koʻu ʻāina a hoʻemi i ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o CODCr, ʻaila mineral, cyanide, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, chromium (VI), a me ke alakaʻi. a pono paha e hala i kekahi mau papahana ʻelima makahiki. Ma ka hooikaika nui ana e hoemi i ka nui o ka hoolele ma lalo o ka mana kaiapuni wai e hiki ai ia makou ke hooikaika pono i ke kaiapuni wai a lawe ia i kahi kulana maikai. No laila, koi ʻia nā ʻoihana hoʻohaumia nui e hoʻokumu i nā puka wai hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau a me nā kahawai kahe ʻana o ka wai, e hoʻokomo i nā mika kahe o ka wai a me nā mea nānā pono pūnaewele e like me CODCr, ammonia, ʻaila mineral, a me ka pH e hoʻokō i ka nānā ʻana i ka manawa maoli o ka holo ʻana o ka ʻoihana. pollutant concentration. a hōʻoia i ka nui o nā mea haumia i hoʻokuʻu ʻia.
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5 Ka nānā wikiwiki ʻana i nā pilikia pilikia wai
He mau tausani o na ulia pollution nui a liilii i kela makahiki i keia makahiki, aole ia e poino wale i ke kaiapuni a me ka kaiaola, aka, e hooweliweli pololei ana i ke ola o na kanaka a me ka palekana o ka waiwai a me ke kupaa pilikanaka (e like me ka olelo maluna). ʻO nā ʻano hana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā pōʻino pollution:
①Ke ʻano mea hana wikiwiki: e like me ka oxygen dissolved, pH meter, chromatograph gas portable, FTIR mika, etc.
② ʻO ka pahu ʻike wikiwiki a me ke ʻano pepa ʻike: e like me ka pahu ʻike H2S (pepa hoʻāʻo), ʻo CODCr wikiwiki ka ʻike ʻana, ka pahu ʻike metala kaumaha, etc.
③Ma ka paena sampling-laboratory analysis, etc.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jan-11-2024
