Wehewehe ʻana o ka Turbidity

ʻO ka turbidity kahi hopena optical i loaʻa mai ka hui ʻana o ka mālamalama me nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi hopena, ka wai maʻamau. ʻO nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e like me ka sediment, ka pālolo, nā algae, nā mea olaola, a me nā mea ola microbial ʻē aʻe, e hoʻopuehu i ka mālamalama e hele ana i ka hāpana wai. ʻO ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka mālamalama e nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kēia wai wai e hoʻopuka ai i ka turbidity, kahi e hōʻike ai i ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana o ka mālamalama i ka wā e hele ai i ka papa wai. ʻAʻole ʻo Turbidity kahi papa kuhikuhi e hōʻike pololei i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi wai. Hōʻike pololei ʻo ia i ka ʻike ʻana o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka hopena hoʻopuʻi māmā o nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka hopena. ʻO ka ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka mālamalama i hoʻopuehu ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka turbidity o ka hoʻonā wai.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka turbidity
ʻO ka turbidity kahi hōʻike o nā waiwai ʻike o kahi laʻana wai a ke kumu ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai, e hoʻopuehu ai ka māmā a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma mua o ka hele ʻana i ka hāpana wai ma kahi laina pololei. He hōʻailona ia e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai kino o ka wai maoli a me ka wai inu. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hōʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mālamalama a i ʻole turbidity o ka wai, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi e ana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻāhuehue o ka wai maoli e nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e like me ka lepo, ka pālolo, nā mea olaola maikaʻi a me nā mea ʻole, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kala, a me ka plankton a me nā microorganism ʻē aʻe i loko o ka wai. Hiki i kēia mau mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke adsorb i ka bacteria a me nā maʻi virus, no laila, hiki i ka turbidity haʻahaʻa ke kōkua i ka disinfection wai e pepehi i ka bacteria a me nā maʻi, pono ia e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ka lako wai. No laila, pono e ho'āʻo ka lako wai kikowaena me nā kūlana ʻenehana kūpono e hoʻolako i ka wai me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e like me ka hiki. He haʻahaʻa ka turbidity o ka wai hale hana, he mea maikaʻi ia e hōʻemi i ka ʻala a me ka ʻono o ka wai chlorinated; He mea kōkua ia e pale i ka hana hou ʻana o ka bacteria a me nā microorganism ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka turbidity haʻahaʻa a puni ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohele wai e makemake i ka nui kūpono o ke koena chlorine.
Pono e hōʻike ʻia ka ʻūhū o ka wai i loko o ka ʻāpana turbidity NTU, ʻaʻole pono ma mua o 3NTU, a ʻaʻole pono ma mua o 5NTU ma lalo o nā kūlana kūikawā. He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka ʻūhū o nā wai kaʻina hana. ʻO nā mea inu mea inu, nā mea kanu hoʻoponopono meaʻai, a me nā mea kanu mālama wai e hoʻohana ana i ka wai o luna e hilinaʻi maʻamau i ka coagulation, sedimentation, a me ka kānana e hōʻoia i kahi huahana ʻoluʻolu.
He paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pilina ma waena o ka turbidity a me ka nui o ka nui o ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, no ka mea, ʻo ka nui, ke ʻano, a me ka index refractive o nā ʻāpana pū kekahi e pili ana i nā waiwai optical o ka hoʻokuʻu. Ke ana ʻana i ka turbidity, pono e mālama ʻia nā mea aniani a pau e pili ana me ka hāpana ma nā kūlana maʻemaʻe. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana me ka waika hydrochloric a i ʻole surfactant, holoi me ka wai maʻemaʻe a hoʻokahe. Lawe ʻia nā laʻana i loko o nā hue aniani me nā pani pani. Ma hope o ka laʻana, hiki i kekahi mau mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke precipitate a coagulate ke kau ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma hope o ka ʻelemakule, a hiki i nā microorganisms ke hoʻopau i nā waiwai o nā mea paʻa, no laila pono ke ana ʻia i ka hiki. Inā pono ka waiho ʻana, pono ia e pale i ka pili ʻana me ka ea, a pono e waiho ʻia i loko o kahi lumi pouli anu, akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 24h. Inā mālama ʻia ka hāpana ma kahi anuanu, e hoʻihoʻi i ka lumi wela ma mua o ke ana ʻana.
I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana e ana i ka turbidity o ka wai:
(1) ʻAno hoʻouna (me ka spectrophotometer a me ke ʻano hiʻohiʻona): E like me ke kānāwai o Lambert-Beer, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka turbidity o ka hāpana wai e ka ikaika o ke kukui i hoʻouna ʻia, a me ka logarithm maikaʻi ʻole o ka turbidity o ka hāpana wai a me ke kukui. ʻO ka transmittance ma ke ʻano o ka pilina Linear, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka turbidity, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka transmittance māmā. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ke keʻakeʻa ʻana o ka melemele i ka wai maoli, ua loaʻa i ka wai o nā loko a me nā waihona i nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa māmā e like me ka algae, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ke ana. E koho i ka lōʻihi nalu 680rim e pale aku i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka melemele a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
(2) Turbidimeter Scattering: E ​​like me ka Rayleigh (Rayleigh) formula (Ir/Io=KD, h ka ikaika o ka malamalama hoopuehu, 10 ka ikaika o ke kukuna kanaka), e ana i ka ikaika o ka malamalama i hoopuehuia ma kekahi kihi e loaa ai. ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā laʻana wai kumu o ka turbidity. Ke hoʻopuehu ʻia ka mālamalama hanana e nā ʻāpana me ka nui o ka 1/15 a i ka 1/20 o ka nalu nalu o ke kukui hanana, ua like ka ikaika me ka formula Rayleigh, a me nā ʻāpana me ka nui o ka nui ma mua o 1/2 o ka lōʻihi o ka nalu. o ka hanana e hoʻomālamalama i ka mālamalama. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kēia mau kūlana ʻelua e Ir∝D, a ʻo ke kukui ma kahi kihi o 90 degere ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kukui ʻano e ana i ka turbidity.
(3) ʻO ka mika turbidity hoʻopuehu: hoʻohana i ka Ir/It=KD a i ʻole Ir/(Ir+It)=KD (ʻO Ir ka ikaika o ka mālamalama i hoʻopuehu ʻia, ʻo ia ka ikaika o ke kukui i hoʻouna ʻia) e ana i ka ikaika o ke kukui uila a me ʻike ʻia ka mālamalama A, e ana i ka turbidity o ka hāpana. No ka mea, ua ana ʻia ka ikaika o ke kukui i hoʻouna ʻia a i hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka naʻau ma lalo o ka hanana like ʻole.
Ma waena o nā ʻano ʻekolu i luna, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka turbidimeter hoʻopuehu-hoʻouna ʻia, me ka naʻau kiʻekiʻe, a ʻaʻole hoʻopilikia ka chromaticity i ka hāpana wai i ke ana. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka mea hana a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, paʻakikī ke hoʻolaha a hoʻohana iā ia ma G. ʻO ke ʻano hiʻohiʻona e hoʻoikaika nui ʻia e nā kumuhana. G ʻOiaʻiʻo, hoʻohana ka nui o ke ana ʻana o ka turbidity i kahi mika hoʻopuehu. ʻO ka turbidity o ka wai ke kumu nui ʻia e nā ʻāpana e like me ka sediment i loko o ka wai, a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka mālamalama i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma mua o ka mālamalama i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mika turbidity ma mua o ka mika turbidity hoʻouna. A no ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka turbidimeter hoʻopuehu i ke kukui keʻokeʻo e like me ke kumu kukui, ua kokoke ke ana o ka hāpana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā hoʻopilikia ka chromaticity i ke ana.
Ana ʻia ka turbidity e ke ʻano ana ʻana o ka māmā. Wahi a ka ISO 7027-1984 maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mīkini turbidity e hoʻokō i nā koi aʻe:
(1) ʻO 860nm ka lōʻihi nalu λ o ka mālamalama hanana;
(2) He emi a like paha ka bandwidth spectral △λ i ka 60nm;
(3) ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā kukui hanana like ʻole, a ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nānā ʻana ma mua o 1.5°;
(4) ʻO ke ana ʻana θ ma waena o ka axis optical o ke kukui hanana a me ka axis optical o ke kukui i hoʻopuehu ʻia ʻo 90±25 °.
(5) He 20°～30° ka huina wehe ωθ i ka wai.
a kauoha ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hopena ma nā ʻāpana turbidity formazin
① Ke emi iho ka turbidity ma mua o 1 formazin scattering turbidity unit, pololei ia i ka 0.01 formazin scattering turbidity unit;
②Ina ka turbidity he 1-10 formazin scattering turbidity units, pololei ia i ka 0.1 formazin scattering turbidity units;
③ I ka 10-100 formazin scattering turbidity units, pololei ia i ka 1 formazin scattering turbidity unit;
④ Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka turbidity ma mua a i ʻole like me 100 formazin scattering turbidity units, pono ia i ka 10 formazin scattering turbidity units.
1.3.1 Pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka wai ʻaʻaʻole no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻohālike wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka wai turbidity-free e like me kēia: hele i ka wai distilled ma o kahi kānana membrane me ka nui o ka pore o 0.2 μm (ʻaʻole hiki i ka membrane kānana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i nā maʻi bacterial ke hoʻokō i nā koi), holoi i ka ipu no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana me ka wai kānana ma ka liʻiliʻi. ʻelua, a hoʻolei i ka 200 mL e hiki mai ana. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai distilled e hōʻemi i ka mana o ka mea organik i loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe hoʻololi ion i ka hoʻoholo ʻana, a e hōʻemi i ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria i ka wai maʻemaʻe.
1.3.2 Hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka hydrazine sulfate a me ka hexamethylenetetramine i loko o ka silica gel desiccator i ka pō ma mua o ke kaupaona ʻana.
1.3.3 Aia ka wela o ka hopena i loko o ka laulā o 12-37 ° C, ʻaʻohe hopena i ʻike ʻia i ka hana o (formazin) turbidity, a ʻaʻohe polymer i hana ʻia ke emi ka mahana ma mua o 5 ° C. No laila, hiki ke hana ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka formazin turbidity stock solution ma ka lumi maʻamau. Akā, he haʻahaʻa ka wela o ka hopena, ua maʻalahi ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka ipu aniani, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, hiki ke hāʻule i ka waiwai maʻamau o ka turbidity kiʻekiʻe. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana o ka formazin ma 25±3 ° C. ʻO ka manawa pane o ka hydrazine sulfate a me ka hexamethylenetetramine ua aneane pau i loko o 16 mau hola, a hiki i ka turbidity o ka huahana i ka nui ma hope o 24 mau hola o ka pane ʻana, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa ma waena o 24 a me 96 mau hola. ka
1.3.4 No ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka formazin, i ka wā o ka pH o ka wai wai he 5.3-5.4, ʻo nā ʻāpana he apo, maikaʻi a ʻaʻahu; i ka pH ma kahi o 6.0, maikaʻi nā ʻāpana a paʻa i ke ʻano o nā pua ʻohe a me nā flocs; Ke 6.6 ka pH, hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana like me ka hau hau nui, waena a liʻiliʻi.
1.3.5 Hiki ke mālama ʻia ka hopena maʻamau me ka turbidity o 400 degere no hoʻokahi mahina (ʻo ka hapalua makahiki i loko o ka friji), a ʻaʻole e loli ka hopena maʻamau me ka turbidity o 5-100 degere i loko o hoʻokahi pule.